महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-206, verse-22

यं विषादोऽभिभवति विषमे समुपस्थिते ।
तेजसा तस्य हीनस्य पुरुषार्थो न विद्यते ॥२२॥

22. yaṁ viṣādo'bhibhavati viṣame samupasthite ,
tejasā tasya hīnasya puruṣārtho na vidyate.

22. yam viṣādaḥ abhibhavati viṣame samupasthite
tejasā tasya hīnasya puruṣārthaḥ na vidyate

22. When a difficult situation (viṣame) arises (samupasthite), despair (viṣādaḥ) overwhelms that person (yam); for such a one, who is devoid of vigor (tejasā hīnasya), human endeavor (puruṣārthaḥ) is not possible.

Words meanings summery:

• यम् (yam) - whom, which person

• विषादः (viṣādaḥ) - despair, sorrow, dejection

• अभिभवति (abhibhavati) - overcomes, conquers, overwhelms

• विषमे (viṣame) - in a difficult situation, in an uneven place, in adversity

• समुपस्थिते (samupasthite) - having arisen, being present, having approached

• तेजसा (tejasā) - by vigor, by brilliance, by energy

• तस्य (tasya) - of that, of him, his

• हीनस्य (hīnasya) - of the one devoid, of the one deprived, of the inferior one

• पुरुषार्थः (puruṣārthaḥ) - human purpose, human endeavor, object of human pursuit

• न (na) - not, no

• विद्यते (vidyate) - is found, exists, is present

Words meanings and morphology

यम् (yam) - whom, which person

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - which, what, who, whom

Note: Object of `abhibhavati`.

विषादः (viṣādaḥ) - despair, sorrow, dejection

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of viṣāda

viṣāda - despair, sorrow, dejection, sadness

From vi-√sad (to sink down)

Prefix: vi

Root: sad (class 1)

Note: Subject of `abhibhavati`.

अभिभवति (abhibhavati) - overcomes, conquers, overwhelms

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present indicative (lat) of abhibhū

Present Tense

Conjugated form of √bhū with prefix abhi-

Prefix: abhi

Root: bhū (class 1)

विषमे (viṣame) - in a difficult situation, in an uneven place, in adversity

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of viṣama

viṣama - uneven, difficult, adverse, dangerous, rough

From vi-sama (uneven)

Note: Part of a locative absolute construction.

समुपस्थिते (samupasthite) - having arisen, being present, having approached

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of samupasthita

samupasthita - arisen, present, arrived, approached

Past Passive Participle

Derived from √sthā with prefixes sam-upa-

Prefixes: sam+upa

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Participle, part of a locative absolute construction with `viṣame`.

तेजसा (tejasā) - by vigor, by brilliance, by energy

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of tejas

tejas - splendor, brilliance, energy, vigor, power, fiery essence

Root: tij (class 6)

Note: Instrumental of cause/means, "by vigor."

तस्य (tasya) - of that, of him, his

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Possessive, modifying `hīnasya` in a descriptive sense ("of that one, the one devoid").

हीनस्य (hīnasya) - of the one devoid, of the one deprived, of the inferior one

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of hīna

hīna - left, abandoned, devoid of, deficient, inferior, deprived

Past Passive Participle

Derived from √hā (to abandon, forsake, lack)

Root: hā (class 3)

Note: Agrees with `tasya`.

पुरुषार्थः (puruṣārthaḥ) - human purpose, human endeavor, object of human pursuit

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of puruṣārtha

puruṣārtha - human purpose, object of human pursuit, human endeavor, goal of human life

Compound

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (puruṣa+artha)

• puruṣa – man, human being, person, supreme cosmic person (puruṣa)
  noun (masculine)
• artha – purpose, meaning, object, wealth, goal
  noun (masculine)

Note: Subject of `vidyate`.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

विद्यते (vidyate) - is found, exists, is present

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present indicative (lat) of vid

Present Tense

Conjugated form of √vid (class 4, atmanepada)

Root: vid (class 4)