महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-103, verse-1

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
कथं स वै विपन्नश्च कथं वै पातितो भुवि ।
कथं चानिन्द्रतां प्राप्तस्तद्भवान्वक्तुमर्हति ॥१॥

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
kathaṁ sa vai vipannaśca kathaṁ vai pātito bhuvi ,
kathaṁ cānindratāṁ prāptastadbhavānvaktumarhati.

1. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca kathaṃ saḥ
vai vipannaḥ ca kathaṃ vai pātitaḥ
bhuvi kathaṃ ca anindratām
prāptaḥ tat bhavān vaktum arhati

1. yudhiṣṭhiraḥ uvāca saḥ vai katham
vipannaḥ ca katham vai bhuvi
pātitaḥ ca katham anindratām
prāptaḥ tat bhavān vaktum arhati

1. Yudhishthira said: 'How, indeed, did he perish, and how was he cast down upon the earth? And how did he lose his position as Indra? You should explain that.'

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - Yudhishthira

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, spoke

• कथं (kathaṁ) - how? in what way?

• सः (saḥ) - refers to Nahusha (he)

• वै (vai) - indeed, verily

• विपन्नः (vipannaḥ) - perished, fallen into misfortune, afflicted

• च (ca) - and

• कथं (kathaṁ) - how? in what way?

• वै (vai) - indeed, verily

• पातितः (pātitaḥ) - caused to fall, cast down

• भुवि (bhuvi) - on the earth, on the ground

• कथं (kathaṁ) - how? in what way?

• च (ca) - and

• अनिन्द्रताम् (anindratām) - the state of Nahusha losing his temporary position as Indra (the state of being without Indra (or Indra's power))

• प्राप्तः (prāptaḥ) - obtained, reached, achieved

• तत् (tat) - referring to the explanation requested (that)

• भवान् (bhavān) - you (honorific)

• वक्तुम् (vaktum) - to speak, to tell

• अर्हति (arhati) - you ought, you are able, you deserve

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिरः (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ) - Yudhishthira

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - Yudhishthira, eldest of the Pandavas

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Root: vac (class 2)

कथं (kathaṁ) - how? in what way?

(indeclinable)

सः (saḥ) - refers to Nahusha (he)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: refers to Nahusha

वै (vai) - indeed, verily

(indeclinable)

विपन्नः (vipannaḥ) - perished, fallen into misfortune, afflicted

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vipanna

vipanna - perished, fallen into misfortune, afflicted

Past Passive Participle

from vi-pad (to fall into misfortune)

Prefix: vi

Root: pad (class 4)

Note: agrees with 'saḥ'

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

कथं (kathaṁ) - how? in what way?

(indeclinable)

वै (vai) - indeed, verily

(indeclinable)

पातितः (pātitaḥ) - caused to fall, cast down

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pātita

pātita - caused to fall, thrown down, cast down

Causative Past Passive Participle

from causative of pat (to fall)

Root: pat (class 1)

Note: agrees with 'saḥ'

भुवि (bhuvi) - on the earth, on the ground

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of bhū

bhū - earth, ground

कथं (kathaṁ) - how? in what way?

(indeclinable)

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

अनिन्द्रताम् (anindratām) - the state of Nahusha losing his temporary position as Indra (the state of being without Indra (or Indra's power))

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of anindratā

anindratā - the state of not being Indra, or of being without Indra's power/position

compound of an (not) + indra + tā (abstract suffix)

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (an+indra+tā)

• an – not, un-
  indeclinable
  negative prefix
• indra – Indra (Vedic deity), king of the gods
  proper noun (masculine)
• tā – suffix forming abstract nouns
  suffix (feminine)

Note: refers to Nahusha losing his temporary position as Indra

प्राप्तः (prāptaḥ) - obtained, reached, achieved

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prāpta

prāpta - obtained, reached, achieved

Past Passive Participle

from pra-āp (to obtain)

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

Note: agrees with 'saḥ'

तत् (tat) - referring to the explanation requested (that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, this

Note: object of 'vaktum arhati'

भवान् (bhavān) - you (honorific)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhavat

bhavat - you (honorific), sir

present active participle of bhū, used as honorific pronoun

Root: bhū (class 1)

वक्तुम् (vaktum) - to speak, to tell

(verb)

infinitive of vac

Infinitive

from root vac + tumun suffix

Root: vac (class 2)

अर्हति (arhati) - you ought, you are able, you deserve

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of arh

Root: arh (class 1)

Note: here agrees with 'bhavān' (honorific 2nd person, takes 3rd person verb form)