महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-11, chapter-20, verse-18

बालं त्वां परिवार्यैकं मम दुःखाय जघ्नुषाम् ।
कथं नु पाण्डवानां च पाञ्चालानां च पश्यताम् ।
त्वं वीर निधनं प्राप्तो नाथवान्सन्ननाथवत् ॥१८॥

18. bālaṁ tvāṁ parivāryaikaṁ mama duḥkhāya jaghnuṣām ,
kathaṁ nu pāṇḍavānāṁ ca pāñcālānāṁ ca paśyatām ,
tvaṁ vīra nidhanaṁ prāpto nāthavānsannanāthavat.

18. bālam tvām parivārya ekam mama duḥkhāya
jaghnuṣām | katham nu pāṇḍavānām ca
pāñcālānām ca paśyatām | tvam vīra
nidhanam prāptaḥ nāthavān san anāthavat

18. he vīra,
jaghnuṣām (śatṛṇām) (tvayā) bālam ekam tvām parivārya mama duḥkhāya,
pāṇḍavānām ca pāñcālānām ca paśyatām (api) nāthavān san,
tvam anāthavat katham nu nidhanam prāptaḥ?

18. O hero (vīra), how indeed could you, a single child, having been surrounded for my sorrow by those who killed you, have met your death (nidhanam) like one without a protector (anāthavat) while the Pāṇḍavas and Pāñcālas were watching, though you had protectors (nāthavān)?

Words meanings summery:

• बालम् (bālam) - child, young boy

• त्वाम् (tvām) - you

• परिवार्य (parivārya) - having surrounded, having encircled

• एकम् (ekam) - alone, single, one

• मम (mama) - my, for me

• दुःखाय (duḥkhāya) - for sorrow, for distress

• जघ्नुषाम् (jaghnuṣām) - of those who killed

• कथम् (katham) - how

• नु (nu) - indeed, now

• पाण्डवानाम् (pāṇḍavānām) - of the Pāṇḍavas

• च (ca) - and

• पाञ्चालानाम् (pāñcālānām) - of the Pāñcālas

• च (ca) - and

• पश्यताम् (paśyatām) - of those who were watching, while watching

• त्वम् (tvam) - you

• वीर (vīra) - O hero

• निधनम् (nidhanam) - death, destruction

• प्राप्तः (prāptaḥ) - met (death) (attained, reached, met)

• नाथवान् (nāthavān) - having a protector, possessing a lord

• सन् (san) - being

• अनाथवत् (anāthavat) - like one without a protector, helplessly

Words meanings and morphology

बालम् (bālam) - child, young boy

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of bāla

bāla - child, young, infant, boy

त्वाम् (tvām) - you

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of tvam

tvam - you (singular)

परिवार्य (parivārya) - having surrounded, having encircled

(indeclinable)

absolutive (gerund) with prefix

formed from root vṛ (to cover, enclose) with prefixes pari and ā

Prefixes: pari+ā

Root: vṛ (class 5)

एकम् (ekam) - alone, single, one

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of eka

eka - one, single, alone, unique

मम (mama) - my, for me

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of aham

aham - I

Note: Also serves as dative for purpose in context: 'for my sorrow'

दुःखाय (duḥkhāya) - for sorrow, for distress

(noun)

Dative, neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - sorrow, pain, suffering, distress

जघ्नुषाम् (jaghnuṣām) - of those who killed

(participle)

Genitive, masculine, plural of jaghnuṣ

jaghnuṣ - having killed, one who has killed

Perfect Active Participle

derived from the root han (to kill)

Root: han (class 2)

कथम् (katham) - how

(indeclinable)

नु (nu) - indeed, now

(indeclinable)

पाण्डवानाम् (pāṇḍavānām) - of the Pāṇḍavas

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of pāṇḍava

pāṇḍava - descendant of Pāṇḍu, Pāṇḍava

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

पाञ्चालानाम् (pāñcālānām) - of the Pāñcālas

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of pāñcāla

pāñcāla - a king or person from the Pāñcāla country

च (ca) - and

(indeclinable)

पश्यताम् (paśyatām) - of those who were watching, while watching

(participle)

Genitive, masculine, plural of paśyat

paśyat - seeing, watching, looking

Present Active Participle

derived from the root dṛś (to see), stem paśya

Root: dṛś (class 1)

त्वम् (tvam) - you

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of tvam

tvam - you (singular)

वीर (vīra) - O hero

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of vīra

vīra - hero, brave man, warrior

निधनम् (nidhanam) - death, destruction

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of nidhana

nidhana - death, destruction, end, ruin

प्राप्तः (prāptaḥ) - met (death) (attained, reached, met)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prāpta

prāpta - obtained, reached, attained, met

Past Passive Participle

derived from the root āp (to obtain) with prefix pra

Prefix: pra

Root: āp (class 5)

नाथवान् (nāthavān) - having a protector, possessing a lord

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nāthavat

nāthavat - having a protector, possessing a master/lord

formed by adding the possessive suffix -vat to nātha (protector)

सन् (san) - being

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sat

sat - being, existing, good, real

Present Active Participle

derived from the root as (to be)

Root: as (class 2)

अनाथवत् (anāthavat) - like one without a protector, helplessly

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of anāthavat

anāthavat - like one without a master/protector, helpless

compound of anātha ('without a protector') and the suffix -vat ('like')

Compound type : bahuvrīhi-derived + suffix (anātha+vat)

• anātha – without a protector, helpless
  adjective (masculine)
  Bahuvrīhi compound: 'one who has no protector'
  Prefix: a
• vat – like, as, in the manner of
  indeclinable
  suffix forming adverbs or adjectives

Note: Used adverbially here.