महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-133, verse-19

विज्ञायेदं तथा कुर्यादापदं निस्तरेद्यथा ।
अलोहं निशितं शस्त्रं शरीरपरिकर्तनम् ।
यो वेत्ति न तमाघ्नन्ति प्रतिघातविदं द्विषः ॥१९॥

19. vijñāyedaṁ tathā kuryādāpadaṁ nistaredyathā ,
alohaṁ niśitaṁ śastraṁ śarīraparikartanam ,
yo vetti na tamāghnanti pratighātavidaṁ dviṣaḥ.

19. vijñāya idam tathā kuryāt āpadam
nistaret yathā aloham niśitam śastram
śarīra-parikartanam yaḥ vetti na
tam āghnanti pratighāta-vidam dviṣaḥ

19. Understanding this, one should act in such a way as to overcome adversity. Those enemies, even if skilled in counter-attacks, do not harm the one who understands the non-metallic, sharpened weapon that can cut the body.

Words meanings summery:

• विज्ञाय (vijñāya) - having understood, having known

• इदम् (idam) - the nature of the non-iron weapon (this)

• तथा (tathā) - thus, so, in that manner, accordingly

• कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - one should do, one should act, he should make

• आपदम् (āpadam) - adversity, misfortune, calamity

• निस्तरेत् (nistaret) - one should overcome, one should cross over, one should get rid of

• यथा (yathā) - so that, in order that, as, just as

• अलोहम् (aloham) - non-iron, not metallic, made of non-iron

• निशितम् (niśitam) - sharpened, keen, acute

• शस्त्रम् (śastram) - metaphorical weapon, e.g., wisdom or diplomacy (weapon, instrument, sword)

• शरीर-परिकर्तनम् (śarīra-parikartanam) - that which cuts the body

• यः (yaḥ) - who, which (relative pronoun)

• वेत्ति (vetti) - he knows, understands

• न (na) - not, no

• तम् (tam) - him, that

• आघ्नन्ति (āghnanti) - they strike, they kill, they hurt

• प्रतिघात-विदम् (pratighāta-vidam) - knowing how to strike back, skilled in retaliation

• द्विषः (dviṣaḥ) - enemies

Words meanings and morphology

विज्ञाय (vijñāya) - having understood, having known

(indeclinable)

Absolutive / Gerund

Derived from root jñā with upasarga vi

Prefix: vi

Root: jñā (class 9)

इदम् (idam) - the nature of the non-iron weapon (this)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of idam

idam - this, here

Note: Object of vijñāya

तथा (tathā) - thus, so, in that manner, accordingly

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverbial use, modifying kuryāt

कुर्यात् (kuryāt) - one should do, one should act, he should make

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of kṛ

Optative (vidhi-liṅ)

Root kṛ, 8th conjugation, optative, 3rd person singular active

Root: kṛ (class 8)

आपदम् (āpadam) - adversity, misfortune, calamity

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of āpad

āpad - adversity, misfortune, calamity, danger

Note: Object of nistaret

निस्तरेत् (nistaret) - one should overcome, one should cross over, one should get rid of

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of nis-tṛ

Optative (vidhi-liṅ)

Root tṛ with upasarga nis, 1st conjugation, optative, 3rd person singular active

Prefix: nis

Root: tṛ (class 1)

यथा (yathā) - so that, in order that, as, just as

(indeclinable)

Note: Introduces a purpose clause

अलोहम् (aloham) - non-iron, not metallic, made of non-iron

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of aloha

aloha - non-iron, without iron, not made of iron

Compound of negative prefix a- and loha (iron)

Compound type : Nañ-Tatpuruṣa (a+loha)

• a – not, non-, un-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• loha – iron, metal
  noun (masculine)

निशितम् (niśitam) - sharpened, keen, acute

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of niśita

niśita - sharpened, keen, whetted, acute

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root śo (to sharpen) with upasarga ni

Prefix: ni

Root: śo (class 4)

शस्त्रम् (śastram) - metaphorical weapon, e.g., wisdom or diplomacy (weapon, instrument, sword)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of śastra

śastra - weapon, instrument, knife, sword

Derived from root śas (to cut)

Root: śas (class 2)

Note: Object of implied vetti from previous clause.

शरीर-परिकर्तनम् (śarīra-parikartanam) - that which cuts the body

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of śarīra-parikartana

śarīra-parikartana - that which cuts or severs the body, body-cutting

Denominative/Agent noun

Compound of śarīra (body) and parikartana (cutting, severing), derived from root kṛt with upasarga pari

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (śarīra+parikartana)

• śarīra – body, corporeal form
  noun (neuter)
• parikartana – cutting, severing, incising
  noun (neuter)
  Agent noun / Action noun
  Derived from root kṛt (to cut) with upasarga pari
  Prefix: pari
  Root: kṛt (class 6)

यः (yaḥ) - who, which (relative pronoun)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what (relative pronoun)

Note: Subject of vetti

वेत्ति (vetti) - he knows, understands

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of vid

Present Indicative (laṭ-lakāra)

Root vid, 2nd conjugation (adādi), 3rd person singular active

Root: vid (class 2)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Negative particle

Note: Negates the verb āghnanti

तम् (tam) - him, that

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, him, her, it (demonstrative/correlative pronoun)

आघ्नन्ति (āghnanti) - they strike, they kill, they hurt

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of ā-han

Present Indicative (laṭ-lakāra)

Root han (to strike, kill) with upasarga ā, 2nd conjugation, 3rd person plural active

Prefix: ā

Root: han (class 2)

प्रतिघात-विदम् (pratighāta-vidam) - knowing how to strike back, skilled in retaliation

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pratighāta-vid

pratighāta-vid - knowing how to strike back, skilled in retaliation, understanding counter-attack

Agent noun suffix from √vid (to know)

Compound of pratighāta (counter-attack, retaliation) and vid (knower)

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (pratighāta+vid)

• pratighāta – counter-attack, retaliation, repulsion
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root han with upasargas prati and ā
  Prefixes: prati+ā
  Root: han (class 2)
• vid – knower, understanding
  noun (masculine)
  Agent noun
  Derived from root vid (to know)
  Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Qualifies tam (him)

द्विषः (dviṣaḥ) - enemies

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dviṣ

dviṣ - enemy, hater, adversary

Derived from root dviṣ (to hate)

Root: dviṣ (class 2)