महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-133, verse-18

पौरेषु तु निवृत्तेषु विदुरः सर्वधर्मवित् ।
बोधयन्पाण्डवश्रेष्ठमिदं वचनमब्रवीत् ।
प्राज्ञः प्राज्ञं प्रलापज्ञः सम्यग्धर्मार्थदर्शिवान् ॥१८॥

18. paureṣu tu nivṛtteṣu viduraḥ sarvadharmavit ,
bodhayanpāṇḍavaśreṣṭhamidaṁ vacanamabravīt ,
prājñaḥ prājñaṁ pralāpajñaḥ samyagdharmārthadarśivān.

18. paureṣu tu nivṛtteṣu viduraḥ
sarvadharma-vit bodhayan pāṇḍava-śreṣṭham
idam vacanam abravīt prājñaḥ prājñam
pralāpa-jñaḥ samyak dharmārtha-darśivān

18. After the citizens had departed, Vidura, who understood all principles (dharma), instructing the foremost of the Pāṇḍavas, spoke these words. He was wise, skilled in conveying wisdom, and possessed a thorough insight into natural law (dharma) and its true purpose.

Words meanings summery:

• पौरेषु (paureṣu) - among citizens, in the towns, among the townspeople

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however, on the other hand

• निवृत्तेषु (nivṛtteṣu) - having departed, having turned back, having ceased

• विदुरः (viduraḥ) - Vidura

• सर्वधर्म-वित् (sarvadharma-vit) - knowing all principles, expert in all duties

• बोधयन् (bodhayan) - instructing, making understand, enlightening

• पाण्डव-श्रेष्ठम् (pāṇḍava-śreṣṭham) - Yudhiṣṭhira (the best of the Pāṇḍavas)

• इदम् (idam) - this

• वचनम् (vacanam) - word, speech, statement

• अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - he spoke, he said

• प्राज्ञः (prājñaḥ) - wise, intelligent, discerning person

• प्राज्ञम् (prājñam) - Yudhiṣṭhira (to the wise one, a wise person (accusative))

• प्रलाप-ज्ञः (pralāpa-jñaḥ) - knowing how to speak, skilled in discourse

• सम्यक् (samyak) - properly, thoroughly, completely

• धर्मार्थ-दर्शिवान् (dharmārtha-darśivān) - having a proper understanding of the purpose of dharma, discerning the true meaning of principles

Words meanings and morphology

पौरेषु (paureṣu) - among citizens, in the towns, among the townspeople

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of paura

paura - citizen, town-dweller, belonging to a city

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however, on the other hand

(indeclinable)

निवृत्तेषु (nivṛtteṣu) - having departed, having turned back, having ceased

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, plural of nivṛtta

nivṛtta - returned, ceased, gone away, departed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root vṛt with upasarga ni

Prefix: ni

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Qualifies paureṣu

विदुरः (viduraḥ) - Vidura

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vidura

vidura - Vidura (name of a wise character in the Mahābhārata)

सर्वधर्म-वित् (sarvadharma-vit) - knowing all principles, expert in all duties

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of sarvadharma-vit

sarvadharma-vit - knowing all principles, expert in all duties

Agent noun suffix from √vid (to know)

Compound of sarva (all), dharma (principles), and vit (knower)

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (sarva+dharma+vit)

• sarva – all, every, whole
  pronoun (masculine)
• dharma – natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness, virtue, religion
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• vit – knower, understanding
  noun (masculine)
  Agent noun
  Derived from root vid (to know)
  Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Qualifies viduraḥ

बोधयन् (bodhayan) - instructing, making understand, enlightening

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bodhayat

bodhayat - instructing, enlightening, causing to know

Present Active Participle (Causative)

Derived from causative of root budh (to know, awaken)

Root: budh (class 1)

Note: Qualifies viduraḥ

पाण्डव-श्रेष्ठम् (pāṇḍava-śreṣṭham) - Yudhiṣṭhira (the best of the Pāṇḍavas)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of pāṇḍava-śreṣṭha

pāṇḍava-śreṣṭha - best of the Pāṇḍavas, foremost among the Pāṇḍavas

Compound of Pāṇḍava (descendant of Pāṇḍu) and śreṣṭha (best)

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (pāṇḍava+śreṣṭha)

• pāṇḍava – descendant of Pāṇḍu, belonging to the Pāṇḍavas
  noun (masculine)
• śreṣṭha – best, most excellent, chief
  adjective (masculine)
  Superlative form of śrī (beauty, excellence)

Note: Object of the verb abravīt and participle bodhayan

इदम् (idam) - this

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of idam

idam - this, here

Note: Qualifies vacanam

वचनम् (vacanam) - word, speech, statement

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vacana

vacana - word, speech, saying, statement

Derived from root vac (to speak)

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Object of abravīt

अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - he spoke, he said

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past (aorist) (luṅ) of bru

Aorist (luṅ-lakāra)

Root bru, 2nd conjugation, aorist, 3rd person singular active

Root: bru (class 2)

Note: Null subject (Vidura)

प्राज्ञः (prājñaḥ) - wise, intelligent, discerning person

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prājña

prājña - wise, intelligent, knowing, discerning

Derived from pra-jñā (to know well)

Prefix: pra

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Qualifies Vidura

प्राज्ञम् (prājñam) - Yudhiṣṭhira (to the wise one, a wise person (accusative))

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of prājña

prājña - wise, intelligent, knowing, discerning

Derived from pra-jñā (to know well)

Prefix: pra

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Object of the implied act of speaking to

प्रलाप-ज्ञः (pralāpa-jñaḥ) - knowing how to speak, skilled in discourse

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pralāpa-jña

pralāpa-jña - knowing how to speak, skilled in discourse, understanding speech

Agent noun suffix from √jñā (to know)

Compound of pralāpa (speech, discourse) and jña (knower)

Compound type : Tatpuruṣa (pralāpa+jña)

• pralāpa – speech, discourse, talk
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root lap with upasarga pra
  Prefix: pra
  Root: lap (class 1)
• jña – knower, knowing
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun
  Derived from root jñā (to know)
  Root: jñā (class 9)

सम्यक् (samyak) - properly, thoroughly, completely

(indeclinable)

Note: Adverbial use

धर्मार्थ-दर्शिवान् (dharmārtha-darśivān) - having a proper understanding of the purpose of dharma, discerning the true meaning of principles

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharmārtha-darśivat

dharmārtha-darśivat - having seen the purpose of natural law (dharma), discerning the true meaning of principles

Possessive suffix (-vat) applied to a compound

Compound of dharma (natural law), artha (purpose, meaning), and darśin (one who sees) with possessive suffix -vat

Compound type : Bahuvrīhi (dharma+artha+darśin)

• dharma – natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness, virtue, religion
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• artha – purpose, meaning, wealth, object, goal
  noun (masculine)
• darśin – one who sees, discerning, showing
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun
  Derived from root dṛś (to see)
  Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Qualifies Vidura