योगवासिष्ठः yogavāsiṣṭhaḥ - book-7, chapter-206, verse-25

कथं स्वभावाः कथय यथाबोधं मुनीश्वर ।
एकस्य जीवितं पुंसः सुहृदा मरणं द्विषा ॥ २५ ॥

kathaṃ svabhāvāḥ kathaya yathābodhaṃ munīśvara ,
ekasya jīvitaṃ puṃsaḥ suhṛdā maraṇaṃ dviṣā 25

25. katham svabhāvāḥ kathaya yathābodham munīśvara
| ekasya jīvitam puṃsaḥ suhṛdā maraṇam dviṣā

25. munīśvara yathābodham svabhāvāḥ katham kathaya
ekasya puṃsaḥ jīvitam suhṛdā maraṇam dviṣā

25. O lord of sages (munīśvara), please explain how these are intrinsic natures (svabhāva) according to your understanding: the life of one individual is (maintained) through a friend, while (their) death is (brought about) by an enemy.

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how? in what manner?

• स्वभावाः (svabhāvāḥ) - intrinsic natures, inherent qualities, inherent characteristics

• कथय (kathaya) - explain, tell (you should explain)

• यथाबोधम् (yathābodham) - according to understanding, as understood

• मुनीश्वर (munīśvara) - O lord of sages, O preeminent sage

• एकस्य (ekasya) - of one, of a single

• जीवितम् (jīvitam) - life, living

• पुंसः (puṁsaḥ) - of a man, of a person

• सुहृदा (suhṛdā) - by a friend

• मरणम् (maraṇam) - death, dying

• द्विषा (dviṣā) - by an enemy, by one who hates

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how? in what manner?

(indeclinable)

From `kim` + `tha-` suffix.

स्वभावाः (svabhāvāḥ) - intrinsic natures, inherent qualities, inherent characteristics

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of svabhāva

svabhāva - one's own being, inherent nature, intrinsic quality, disposition (svabhāva)

From `sva` (self, own) + `bhāva` (being, state).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (sva+bhāva)

• sva – own, self, one's own
  pronoun
• bhāva – being, state, condition, nature, sentiment
  noun (masculine)
  From root `bhū` (to be).
  Root: bhū (class 1)

कथय (kathaya) - explain, tell (you should explain)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of kath

Present Active Imperative, 2nd person singular

Denominative root from `kathā` (story).

Root: kath (class 10)

यथाबोधम् (yathābodham) - according to understanding, as understood

(indeclinable)

Avyayībhāva compound: `yathā` (as, according to) + `bodha` (understanding).

Compound type : avyayībhāva (yathā+bodha)

• yathā – as, according to, in which manner
  indeclinable
• bodha – understanding, knowledge, awakening
  noun (masculine)
  From root `budh` (to know, awaken).
  Root: budh (class 1)

मुनीश्वर (munīśvara) - O lord of sages, O preeminent sage

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of munīśvara

munīśvara - lord of sages, chief ascetic

From `muni` (sage) + `īśvara` (lord).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (muni+īśvara)

• muni – sage, ascetic, silent one
  noun (masculine)
  From root `man` (to think, perceive).
  Root: man (class 8)
• īśvara – lord, master, controller
  noun (masculine)
  From root `īś` (to rule) + `vara`.
  Root: īś (class 2)

एकस्य (ekasya) - of one, of a single

(adjective)

Genitive, masculine, singular of eka

eka - one, a single, unique

Genitive singular, masculine/neuter.

जीवितम् (jīvitam) - life, living

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jīvita

jīvita - life, living, livelihood, animated

Past Passive Participle (used as noun)

From root `jīv` (to live) + `ta`.

Root: jīv (class 1)

पुंसः (puṁsaḥ) - of a man, of a person

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of puṃs

puṁs - man, male, person, spirit

Genitive singular of `puṃs`.

सुहृदा (suhṛdā) - by a friend

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of suhṛd

suhṛd - good-hearted, friend, ally

From `su` (good) + `hṛd` (heart). Instrumental singular.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (su+hṛd)

• su – good, well, excellent
  indeclinable
  Prefix/adverb.
• hṛd – heart, mind
  noun (neuter)

मरणम् (maraṇam) - death, dying

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of maraṇa

maraṇa - death, dying, act of dying

From root `mṛ` (to die) + `ana`.

Root: mṛ (class 6)

द्विषा (dviṣā) - by an enemy, by one who hates

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of dviṣ

dviṣ - enemy, hater, adverse

Present Active Participle (used as noun)

From root `dviṣ` (to hate). Instrumental singular.

Root: dviṣ (class 2)