योगवासिष्ठः yogavāsiṣṭhaḥ - book-7, chapter-142, verse-23

व्याध उवाच ।
भगवन्प्राक्तनं कर्म केषामिह हि विद्यते ।
केषां न विद्यते तद्वद्विनापि भवतः कथम् ॥ २३ ॥

vyādha uvāca ,
bhagavanprāktanaṃ karma keṣāmiha hi vidyate ,
keṣāṃ na vidyate tadvadvināpi bhavataḥ katham 23

23. vyādha uvāca | bhagavan prāktanam karma keṣām iha hi vidyate
| keṣām na vidyate tat vat vinā api bhavataḥ katham ||

23. vyādha uvāca bhagavan,
iha keṣām hi prāktanam karma vidyate? keṣām na vidyate? tat vat vinā api bhavataḥ katham (vidyate)?

23. The hunter said: "O Revered One, for whom does past action (karma) indeed exist in this world, and for whom does it not exist? And how is this so, even without (explicit intervention from) you?"

Words meanings summery:

• व्याध (vyādha) - hunter, fowler

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• भगवन् (bhagavan) - O Lord, O Revered One

• प्राक्तनम् (prāktanam) - previous, past, ancient

• कर्म (karma) - action, deed, consequence of action

• केषाम् (keṣām) - for whom, of whom

• इह (iha) - here, in this world

• हि (hi) - indeed, surely, because

• विद्यते (vidyate) - exists, is present, is found

• केषाम् (keṣām) - for whom, of whom

• न (na) - not, no

• विद्यते (vidyate) - exists, is present, is found

• तत् (tat) - this (distinction) (that, this)

• वत् (vat) - like, as, similarly

• विना (vinā) - without, except for

• अपि (api) - also, even

• भवतः (bhavataḥ) - from you, your

• कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

Words meanings and morphology

व्याध (vyādha) - hunter, fowler

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vyādha

vyādha - hunter, fowler, killer, savage, low-caste person

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active

Root 'vac' (to speak) in the perfect tense, reduplicated form.

Root: vac (class 2)

भगवन् (bhagavan) - O Lord, O Revered One

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of bhagavat

bhagavat - lord, venerable, holy, divine, glorious, fortunate

From 'bhaga' (fortune, excellence) + 'vat' (possessive suffix).

प्राक्तनम् (prāktanam) - previous, past, ancient

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of prāktana

prāktana - previous, past, ancient, former, bygone

From 'prāk' (before) + suffix 'tana'.

कर्म (karma) - action, deed, consequence of action

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of karma

karma - action, deed, work, ritual, destiny, result of actions

From root 'kṛ' (to do) + suffix 'man'.

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Subject of 'vidyate'.

केषाम् (keṣām) - for whom, of whom

(pronoun)

Genitive, plural of kim

kim - who, what, which, why, how

Note: Implies 'for whom does the consequence of karma apply'.

इह (iha) - here, in this world

(indeclinable)

हि (hi) - indeed, surely, because

(indeclinable)

विद्यते (vidyate) - exists, is present, is found

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present indicative (laṭ) of vid

From root 'vid' (to be, to exist), Atmanepada conjugation.

Root: vid (class 4)

केषाम् (keṣām) - for whom, of whom

(pronoun)

Genitive, plural of kim

kim - who, what, which, why, how

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Note: Negates 'vidyate'.

विद्यते (vidyate) - exists, is present, is found

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present indicative (laṭ) of vid

From root 'vid' (to be, to exist), Atmanepada conjugation.

Root: vid (class 4)

तत् (tat) - this (distinction) (that, this)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it, this

वत् (vat) - like, as, similarly

(indeclinable)

Suffix indicating comparison, forming adverbial compounds.

विना (vinā) - without, except for

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - also, even

(indeclinable)

भवतः (bhavataḥ) - from you, your

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of bhavat

bhavat - your honor, sir, you (respectful), being, existing

Present Active Participle

From root 'bhū' (to be) + 'śatṛ' suffix, used as a respectful pronoun.

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Governed by 'vinā'.

कथम् (katham) - how, in what manner

(indeclinable)

From interrogative pronoun 'kim'.

Note: Asks about the mechanism or reason.

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