महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-36, verse-40

वर्तमाने तदा युद्धे घोररूपे सुदारुणे ।
व्यषीदत्कौरवी सेना भिन्ना नौरिव सागरे ॥४०॥

40. vartamāne tadā yuddhe ghorarūpe sudāruṇe ,
vyaṣīdatkauravī senā bhinnā nauriva sāgare.

40. vartamāne tadā yuddhe ghorarūpe sudāruṇe
vyasīdat kauravī senā bhinnā nauḥ iva sāgare

40. tadā ghorarūpe sudāruṇe yuddhe vartamāne
kauravī senā bhinnā nauḥ iva sāgare vyasīdat

40. At that time, while the extremely dreadful and terrible battle was ongoing, the Kaurava army became dispirited, much like a broken boat sinking in the ocean.

Words meanings summery:

• वर्तमाने (vartamāne) - existing, present, ongoing, current

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that time, at that moment

• युद्धे (yuddhe) - in battle, in a fight, in conflict

• घोररूपे (ghorarūpe) - of terrible form, of dreadful appearance, fearful

• सुदारुणे (sudāruṇe) - in the exceedingly dreadful, in the very fierce

• व्यसीदत् (vyasīdat) - became dejected, despaired, sank, collapsed

• कौरवी (kauravī) - Kaurava (feminine), belonging to the Kurus

• सेना (senā) - army, host, military force

• भिन्ना (bhinnā) - broken, split, shattered, divided

• नौः (nauḥ) - boat, ship, vessel

• इव (iva) - like, as, as if

• सागरे (sāgare) - in the ocean, in the sea

Words meanings and morphology

वर्तमाने (vartamāne) - existing, present, ongoing, current

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of vartamāna

vartamāna - existing, being, present, ongoing

Present Active Participle

Derived from root 'vṛt' (to be, to exist) with present active participle suffix -āna/māna

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Functions as an adjective modifying 'yuddhe'

तदा (tadā) - then, at that time, at that moment

(indeclinable)

युद्धे (yuddhe) - in battle, in a fight, in conflict

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of yuddha

yuddha - battle, fight, war

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'yudh' (to fight) with kta suffix, then nominalized

Root: yudh (class 4)

घोररूपे (ghorarūpe) - of terrible form, of dreadful appearance, fearful

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of ghorarūpa

ghorarūpa - of dreadful form, having a terrible appearance

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (ghora+rūpa)

• ghora – terrible, frightful, dreadful
  adjective (masculine)
• rūpa – form, appearance, shape, nature
  noun (neuter)

Note: Modifies 'yuddhe'

सुदारुणे (sudāruṇe) - in the exceedingly dreadful, in the very fierce

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of sudāruṇa

sudāruṇa - very dreadful, exceedingly fierce, extremely cruel

Compound of 'su-' (prefix for good/intense) and 'dāruṇa'

Compound type : karmadhāraya (su+dāruṇa)

• dāruṇa – dreadful, fierce, cruel, harsh
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Modifies 'yuddhe'

व्यसीदत् (vyasīdat) - became dejected, despaired, sank, collapsed

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect past (laṅ) of sīd

Prefixes: vi+ava

Root: sad (class 1)

कौरवी (kauravī) - Kaurava (feminine), belonging to the Kurus

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of kauravī

kauravī - belonging to the Kurus, Kaurava

Feminine form of 'kaurava', referring to descendants of Kuru

Note: Modifies 'senā'

सेना (senā) - army, host, military force

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of senā

senā - army, host, troop

भिन्ना (bhinnā) - broken, split, shattered, divided

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of bhinna

bhinna - broken, split, pierced, divided

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'bhid' (to break, split) with kta suffix

Root: bhid (class 7)

Note: Modifies 'nauḥ'

नौः (nauḥ) - boat, ship, vessel

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of nau

nau - boat, ship

इव (iva) - like, as, as if

(indeclinable)

सागरे (sāgare) - in the ocean, in the sea

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of sāgara

sāgara - ocean, sea

Derived from 'sagara' (with 'aṇ' suffix)