महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-6, chapter-1, verse-20

उदतिष्ठद्रजो भौमं न प्राज्ञायत किंचन ।
अन्तर्धीयत चादित्यः सैन्येन रजसावृतः ॥२०॥

20. udatiṣṭhadrajo bhaumaṁ na prājñāyata kiṁcana ,
antardhīyata cādityaḥ sainyena rajasāvṛtaḥ.

20. udatiṣṭhat rajaḥ bhaumam na prājñāyata kiṃcana
antardhīyata ca ādityaḥ sainyena rajasā āvṛtaḥ

20. bhaumam rajaḥ udatiṣṭhat kiṃcana na prājñāyata
ca ādityaḥ sainyena rajasā āvṛtaḥ antardhīyata

20. Earthly dust (rajaḥ) arose, making it impossible to discern anything. And the sun (ādityaḥ) became obscured, enveloped by the dust raised by the army.

Words meanings summery:

• उदतिष्ठत् (udatiṣṭhat) - arose (from the ground) (arose, stood up)

• रजः (rajaḥ) - the dust (from the ground/battle) (dust, dirt)

• भौमम् (bhaumam) - earthly, originating from the ground (earthly, terrestrial)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• प्राज्ञायत (prājñāyata) - could not be discerned (due to dust) (was known, was perceived, was discerned)

• किंचन (kiṁcana) - anything at all (anything, something)

• अन्तर्धीयत (antardhīyata) - became hidden/obscured (disappeared, was concealed)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• आदित्यः (ādityaḥ) - the sun (the sun, a sun god)

• सैन्येन (sainyena) - by the army (referring to the combined armies generating dust) (by the army)

• रजसा (rajasā) - by the (earthly) dust (by the dust)

• आवृतः (āvṛtaḥ) - enveloped (by the dust) (covered, enveloped, concealed)

Words meanings and morphology

उदतिष्ठत् (udatiṣṭhat) - arose (from the ground) (arose, stood up)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of ut-sthā

Imperfect tense

3rd person singular, imperfect active of root sthā with prefix ut-.

Prefix: ut

Root: sthā (class 1)

रजः (rajaḥ) - the dust (from the ground/battle) (dust, dirt)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - dust, pollen, gloom, impurity, passion (guna)

Note: Subject of `udatiṣṭhat`.

भौमम् (bhaumam) - earthly, originating from the ground (earthly, terrestrial)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of bhauma

bhauma - earthly, terrestrial, born from the earth

Derived from `bhūmi` (earth).

Note: Agrees with `rajaḥ`.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Note: Negation particle.

प्राज्ञायत (prājñāyata) - could not be discerned (due to dust) (was known, was perceived, was discerned)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, imperfect (laṅ) of pra-jñā

Imperfect tense, Passive voice

3rd person singular, imperfect passive of root jñā with prefix pra-.

Prefix: pra

Root: jñā (class 9)

किंचन (kiṁcana) - anything at all (anything, something)

(indeclinable)

Note: Used here with negation 'na' to mean 'nothing'.

अन्तर्धीयत (antardhīyata) - became hidden/obscured (disappeared, was concealed)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, imperfect (laṅ) of antar-dhā

Imperfect tense, Passive voice

3rd person singular, imperfect passive of root dhā with prefix antar-.

Prefix: antar

Root: dhā (class 3)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

आदित्यः (ādityaḥ) - the sun (the sun, a sun god)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āditya

āditya - the sun, son of Aditi, sun god

Note: Subject of `antardhīyata`.

सैन्येन (sainyena) - by the army (referring to the combined armies generating dust) (by the army)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of sainya

sainya - army, host, military force

Derived from `senā` (army).

Note: Agent of obscuring the sun, implicitly referring to the dust raised by the army.

रजसा (rajasā) - by the (earthly) dust (by the dust)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of rajas

rajas - dust, pollen, gloom, impurity, passion (guna)

Note: Instrument by which the sun was covered.

आवृतः (āvṛtaḥ) - enveloped (by the dust) (covered, enveloped, concealed)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āvṛta

vṛ - to cover, enclose

Past Passive Participle

Past passive participle of root vṛ with prefix ā-.

Prefix: ā

Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: Agrees with `ādityaḥ`.