महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-148, verse-27

न जातु त्वमिति ब्रूयादापन्नोऽपि महत्तरम् ।
त्वंकारो वा वधो वेति विद्वत्सु न विशिष्यते ।
अवराणां समानानां शिष्याणां च समाचरेत् ॥२७॥

27. na jātu tvamiti brūyādāpanno'pi mahattaram ,
tvaṁkāro vā vadho veti vidvatsu na viśiṣyate ,
avarāṇāṁ samānānāṁ śiṣyāṇāṁ ca samācaret.

27. na jātu tvam iti brūyāt āpannaḥ api
mahattaram tvamkāraḥ vā vadhaḥ vā
iti vidvatsu na viśiṣyate avarāṇām
samānānām śiṣyāṇām ca samācaret

27. āpannaḥ api mahattaram tvam iti na jātu brūyāt.
tvamkāraḥ vā vadhaḥ vā iti vidvatsu na viśiṣyate.
avarāṇām samānānām śiṣyāṇām ca samācaret

27. One should never address a superior (mahattar) with 'you' (tvam), even when in distress. For among the learned, the informal address 'you' (tvamkāra) is not distinguished from an act of killing (vadha). Such an address should be used for inferiors, equals, and disciples.

Words meanings summery:

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• जातु (jātu) - ever (in a negative sense: never) (ever, at any time)

• त्वम् (tvam) - 'you' (the informal singular pronoun) (you (singular, informal))

• इति (iti) - (quotation marker, indicating the word 'tvam' is being referred to) (thus, so, (quotation marker))

• ब्रूयात् (brūyāt) - one should speak (one should say/speak)

• आपन्नः (āpannaḥ) - even when in distress (substantive use as "one who is distressed") (distressed, in danger, having attained/reached)

• अपि (api) - even (even, also, too)

• महत्तराम् (mahattarām) - to a superior/elder (person) (greater, superior, elder)

• त्वम्कारः (tvamkāraḥ) - the informal address 'you' (tvam) (the use of the word 'tvam' (informal 'you'))

• वा (vā) - or

• वधः (vadhaḥ) - act of killing (killing, slaughter, striking)

• वा (vā) - or

• इति (iti) - (quotation marker, indicating the comparison) (thus, so, (quotation marker))

• विद्वत्सु (vidvatsu) - among the learned (among the learned/wise)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• विशिष्यते (viśiṣyate) - is distinguished (from) (is distinguished, is different, excels)

• अवराणाम् (avarāṇām) - for inferiors (of inferiors, of those below)

• समानानाम् (samānānām) - for equals (of equals, of those of the same status)

• शिष्याणाम् (śiṣyāṇām) - for disciples (of disciples, of students)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• समाचरेत् (samācaret) - one should use (this address) (one should practice/perform/treat)

Words meanings and morphology

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

जातु (jātu) - ever (in a negative sense: never) (ever, at any time)

(indeclinable)

त्वम् (tvam) - 'you' (the informal singular pronoun) (you (singular, informal))

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of tvam

yuṣmad - you (2nd person pronoun)

Nominative singular form of `yuṣmad`.

इति (iti) - (quotation marker, indicating the word 'tvam' is being referred to) (thus, so, (quotation marker))

(indeclinable)

ब्रूयात् (brūyāt) - one should speak (one should say/speak)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of brū

Optative Mood, Parasmaipada

3rd person singular, active voice, optative mood.

Root: brū (class 2)

आपन्नः (āpannaḥ) - even when in distress (substantive use as "one who is distressed") (distressed, in danger, having attained/reached)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āpanna

āpanna - obtained, reached, fallen into; distressed, afflicted

Past Passive Participle

From `ā-` (prefix) + `pad` (root, to go, attain).

Prefix: ā

Root: pad (class 4)

Note: Used substantively here: "one who is distressed".

अपि (api) - even (even, also, too)

(indeclinable)

महत्तराम् (mahattarām) - to a superior/elder (person) (greater, superior, elder)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mahattara

mahattara - greater, larger, superior, elder

Comparative degree of `mahat` (great).

त्वम्कारः (tvamkāraḥ) - the informal address 'you' (tvam) (the use of the word 'tvam' (informal 'you'))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tvamkāra

tvamkāra - the informal address `tvam` (you)

Compound of `tvam` (you) and `kāra` (the act of making/doing/uttering).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (tvam+kāra)

• tvam – you (pronoun)
  pronoun
• kāra – maker, doer; the act of making, uttering
  noun (masculine)
  From root `kṛ` (to do/make).
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

वधः (vadhaḥ) - act of killing (killing, slaughter, striking)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vadha

vadha - striking, slaying, killing, slaughter, murder

From root `vadh` (to strike, kill).

Root: vadh (class 1)

वा (vā) - or

(indeclinable)

इति (iti) - (quotation marker, indicating the comparison) (thus, so, (quotation marker))

(indeclinable)

विद्वत्सु (vidvatsu) - among the learned (among the learned/wise)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, plural of vidvas

vidvas - knowing, learned, wise; a learned person

Perfect Active Participle

From root `vid` (to know) + `vas` (suffix for PAP).

Root: vid (class 2)

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

विशिष्यते (viśiṣyate) - is distinguished (from) (is distinguished, is different, excels)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, passive, present (laṭ) of viśiṣ

Present Indicative, Ātmanepada

3rd person singular, passive voice, present tense. Root `śiṣ` with prefix `vi`. The verb `śiṣ` means 'to leave, remain'. `viśiṣ` in passive means 'to be distinguished'.

Prefix: vi

Root: śiṣ (class 7)

अवराणाम् (avarāṇām) - for inferiors (of inferiors, of those below)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of avara

avara - lower, inferior, subsequent

समानानाम् (samānānām) - for equals (of equals, of those of the same status)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of samāna

samāna - equal, similar, same, like

From `sam-` (prefix) + `ana` (suffix from `as` 'to be').

Prefix: sam

Root: as (class 2)

शिष्याणाम् (śiṣyāṇām) - for disciples (of disciples, of students)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of śiṣya

śiṣya - a pupil, student, disciple

Gerundive/Future Passive Participle

From root `śās` (to teach, rule) + `ya` (suffix for FPP).

Root: śās (class 2)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

समाचरेत् (samācaret) - one should use (this address) (one should practice/perform/treat)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, optative (vidhi-liṅ) of samācar

Optative Mood, Parasmaipada

3rd person singular, active voice, optative mood. From `sam-ā-` (prefixes) + `car` (root, to move, to behave).

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: car (class 1)