महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-259, verse-24

द्युमत्सेन उवाच ।
राजानो लोकयात्रार्थं तप्यन्ते परमं तपः ।
अपत्रपन्ति तादृग्भ्यस्तथावृत्ता भवन्ति च ॥२४॥

24. dyumatsena uvāca ,
rājāno lokayātrārthaṁ tapyante paramaṁ tapaḥ ,
apatrapanti tādṛgbhyastathāvṛttā bhavanti ca.

24. dyumatsena uvāca rājānaḥ lokayātrārtham tapyante paramam
tapaḥ apatrapanti tādṛgbhyaḥ tathāvṛttāḥ bhavanti ca

24. dyumatsena uvāca rājānaḥ lokayātrārtham paramam tapaḥ
tapyante tādṛgbhyaḥ apatrapanti ca tathāvṛttāḥ bhavanti

24. Dyumatsena said: Kings practice supreme austerity (tapas) for the welfare of the people. They feel ashamed of such (unworthy acts or individuals), and they themselves become persons of such righteous conduct.

Words meanings summery:

• द्युमत्सेन (dyumatsena) - Dyumatsena (the blind king, father of Satyavan) (Dyumatsena)

• उवाच (uvāca) - Dyumatsena said (said, spoke)

• राजानः (rājānaḥ) - the kings (kings, rulers)

• लोकयात्रार्थम् (lokayātrārtham) - for the proper governance and well-being of the populace (for the sake of the world's maintenance, for the welfare of the people)

• तप्यन्ते (tapyante) - kings perform rigorous self-discipline (they perform austerities, they practice asceticism)

• परमम् (paramam) - the utmost, the most rigorous (austerity) (supreme, highest, greatest)

• तपः (tapaḥ) - rigorous self-discipline (austerity, penance, asceticism (tapas))

• अपत्रपन्ति (apatrapanti) - they show remorse or shyness regarding certain actions or people (they feel ashamed, they are embarrassed)

• तादृग्भ्यः (tādṛgbhyaḥ) - from those who act improperly or those who are unworthy (from such, for such)

• तथावृत्ताः (tathāvṛttāḥ) - (kings) who have adopted such a righteous conduct (those who have behaved thus, acting in that manner)

• भवन्ति (bhavanti) - they turn out to be (they become, they exist)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

Words meanings and morphology

द्युमत्सेन (dyumatsena) - Dyumatsena (the blind king, father of Satyavan) (Dyumatsena)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dyumatsena

dyumatsena - Dyumatsena (proper name)

उवाच (uvāca) - Dyumatsena said (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active

Root 'vac' (2nd class), Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, parasmaipada. Irregular formation.

Root: vac (class 2)

राजानः (rājānaḥ) - the kings (kings, rulers)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

लोकयात्रार्थम् (lokayātrārtham) - for the proper governance and well-being of the populace (for the sake of the world's maintenance, for the welfare of the people)

(indeclinable)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (lokayātrā+artha)

• lokayātrā – world's course, people's livelihood, administration of the world
  noun (feminine)
• artha – purpose, aim, meaning, wealth
  noun (masculine)

Note: Functions as an adverbial accusative.

तप्यन्ते (tapyante) - kings perform rigorous self-discipline (they perform austerities, they practice asceticism)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, middle, present (laṭ) of tap

Present

Root 'tap' (4th class, 'div' group), Present tense, 3rd person plural, ātmanepada.

Root: tap (class 4)

Note: The 4th class root 'tap' (to perform austerities) is distinct from 1st class 'tap' (to heat).

परमम् (paramam) - the utmost, the most rigorous (austerity) (supreme, highest, greatest)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of parama

parama - supreme, highest, utmost, best

Note: Agrees with 'tapaḥ'.

तपः (tapaḥ) - rigorous self-discipline (austerity, penance, asceticism (tapas))

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - austerity, penance, asceticism, religious devotion (tapas)

अपत्रपन्ति (apatrapanti) - they show remorse or shyness regarding certain actions or people (they feel ashamed, they are embarrassed)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of trap

Present Active

Root 'trap' (1st class, 'bhū' group), Present tense, 3rd person plural, parasmaipada. Prefixed with 'apa'.

Prefix: apa

Root: trap (class 1)

तादृग्भ्यः (tādṛgbhyaḥ) - from those who act improperly or those who are unworthy (from such, for such)

(pronoun)

Dative, masculine, plural of tādṛś

tādṛś - such, of such a kind

Note: Could also be ablative. Context implies 'from/towards such actions/people they feel ashamed'.

तथावृत्ताः (tathāvṛttāḥ) - (kings) who have adopted such a righteous conduct (those who have behaved thus, acting in that manner)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tathāvṛtta

tathāvṛtta - having acted thus, behaved in that manner

Past Passive Participle

Compound of 'tathā' (thus) and 'vṛtta' (P.P.P. of 'vṛt' - to be, to turn).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (tathā+vṛtta)

• tathā – thus, so, in that manner
  indeclinable
• vṛtta – happened, occurred, behaved, existed, conduct, behavior
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'vṛt' (to be, to turn).
  Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Adjectival usage modifying implicit 'rājānaḥ'.

भवन्ति (bhavanti) - they turn out to be (they become, they exist)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of bhū

Present Active

Root 'bhū' (1st class, 'bhū' group), Present tense, 3rd person plural, parasmaipada.

Root: bhū (class 1)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)