महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-210, verse-1

गुरुरुवाच ।
न स वेद परं धर्मं यो न वेद चतुष्टयम् ।
व्यक्ताव्यक्ते च यत्तत्त्वं संप्राप्तं परमर्षिणा ॥१॥

1. gururuvāca ,
na sa veda paraṁ dharmaṁ yo na veda catuṣṭayam ,
vyaktāvyakte ca yattattvaṁ saṁprāptaṁ paramarṣiṇā.

1. guruḥ uvāca | na sa veda param dharmam yaḥ na veda catuṣṭayam
| vyakta avyakte ca yat tattvam samprāptam paramarṣiṇā

1. guruḥ uvāca yaḥ catuṣṭayam ca yat tattvam vyakta avyakte paramarṣiṇā samprāptam na veda,
sa param dharmam na veda

1. The Guru said: "One who does not comprehend the fourfold reality—namely, that truth concerning both the manifest (vyakta) and the unmanifest (avyakta) which was attained by the great sage—does not truly know the supreme natural law (dharma)."

Words meanings summery:

• गुरुः (guruḥ) - the teacher, the guru (teacher, preceptor, spiritual guide)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• स (sa) - he (he, that)

• वेद (veda) - knows (knows, understands)

• परम् (param) - supreme (supreme, highest, ultimate, excellent)

• धर्मम् (dharmam) - the supreme natural law (dharma) (natural law, constitution, duty, righteousness, virtue)

• यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• वेद (veda) - knows (knows, understands)

• चतुष्टयम् (catuṣṭayam) - the fourfold reality/group (group of four, quadruple)

• व्यक्त (vyakta) - the manifest (realm/principle) (manifest, perceptible, distinct)

• अव्यक्ते (avyakte) - the unmanifest (realm/principle) (unmanifest, imperceptible)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• यत् (yat) - which (which, what, that)

• तत्त्वम् (tattvam) - the truth/reality (truth, reality, essence, principle)

• सम्प्राप्तम् (samprāptam) - was attained (attained, reached, obtained)

• परमर्षिणा (paramarṣiṇā) - by the great sage

Words meanings and morphology

गुरुः (guruḥ) - the teacher, the guru (teacher, preceptor, spiritual guide)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of guru

guru - teacher, preceptor, spiritual guide; heavy, venerable, important

उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect

Perfect 3rd person singular of √vac

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: The root 'vac' is irregular in some forms.

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

स (sa) - he (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

वेद (veda) - knows (knows, understands)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of vid

Present

Present 3rd person singular of √vid (class 2 athematic verb)

Root: vid (class 2)

परम् (param) - supreme (supreme, highest, ultimate, excellent)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of para

para - supreme, highest, ultimate, excellent, furthest, other

Note: Agrees with `dharmam`.

धर्मम् (dharmam) - the supreme natural law (dharma) (natural law, constitution, duty, righteousness, virtue)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, constitution, duty, righteousness, virtue, custom, religion, quality

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

यः (yaḥ) - who (who, which)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - which, who, what

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

वेद (veda) - knows (knows, understands)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of vid

Present

Present 3rd person singular of √vid (class 2 athematic verb)

Root: vid (class 2)

चतुष्टयम् (catuṣṭayam) - the fourfold reality/group (group of four, quadruple)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of catuṣṭaya

catuṣṭaya - a group of four, quadruple

from catur (four) + -ṭaya (group suffix)

व्यक्त (vyakta) - the manifest (realm/principle) (manifest, perceptible, distinct)

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of vyakta

vyakta - manifest, perceptible, distinct, apparent; the manifest world

Past Passive Participle

from vi-√añj (to anoint, make clear)

Prefix: vi

Root: añj (class 7)

Note: Refers to 'the manifest' in a locative sense, meaning 'with respect to the manifest'.

अव्यक्ते (avyakte) - the unmanifest (realm/principle) (unmanifest, imperceptible)

(adjective)

Locative, neuter, singular of avyakta

avyakta - unmanifest, unrevealed, imperceptible, indistinct; the undifferentiated primordial substance (prakṛti)

Negative particle 'a-' + vyakta (manifest, past passive participle of vi-√añj)

Compound type : nañ-tatpurusha (a+vyakta)

• a – not, un-
  indeclinable
• vyakta – manifest, perceptible, distinct, apparent
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  from vi-√añj (to anoint, make clear)
  Prefix: vi
  Root: añj (class 7)

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

यत् (yat) - which (which, what, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of yad

yad - which, what, that

Note: Refers to 'tattvam'.

तत्त्वम् (tattvam) - the truth/reality (truth, reality, essence, principle)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tattva

tattva - truth, reality, essence, principle, true state

सम्प्राप्तम् (samprāptam) - was attained (attained, reached, obtained)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of samprāpta

samprāpta - attained, reached, obtained, happened

Past Passive Participle

from sam-pra-√āp (to reach, obtain)

Prefixes: sam+pra

Root: āp (class 5)

Note: Agrees with `tattvam`.

परमर्षिणा (paramarṣiṇā) - by the great sage

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of paramarṣi

paramarṣi - a great sage, a supreme seer

Compound type : karmadhāraya (para+ṛṣi)

• para – supreme, highest, ultimate
  adjective
• ṛṣi – sage, seer, inspired poet
  noun (masculine)

Note: Agent of the passive participle `samprāptam`.