योगवासिष्ठः yogavāsiṣṭhaḥ - book-3, chapter-115, verse-19

जडो देहो न दुःखार्हो दुःखी देह्यविचारतः ।
अविचारो घनाज्ञानादज्ञानं दुःखकारणम् ॥ १९ ॥

jaḍo deho na duḥkhārho duḥkhī dehyavicārataḥ ,
avicāro ghanājñānādajñānaṃ duḥkhakāraṇam 19

19. jaḍaḥ dehaḥ na duḥkhārhaḥ duḥkhī dehī avicārataḥ
avicāraḥ ghanājñānāt ajñānaṃ duḥkhakāraṇam

19. jaḍaḥ dehaḥ na duḥkhārhaḥ.
dehī avicārataḥ duḥkhī (bhavati).
avicāraḥ ghanājñānāt (jāyate).
ajñānaṃ duḥkhakāraṇam (asti).

19. The inert body (deha) does not experience suffering. The embodied being (dehī) suffers due to a lack of discrimination (avicāra). This lack of discrimination arises from dense ignorance, and indeed, ignorance is the root cause of suffering.

Words meanings summery:

• जडः (jaḍaḥ) - inert, insentient, dull

• देहः (dehaḥ) - body, physical frame

• न (na) - not, no

• दुःखार्हः (duḥkhārhaḥ) - deserving suffering, worthy of suffering, capable of suffering

• दुःखी (duḥkhī) - suffering, miserable, sorrowful (one who suffers)

• देही (dehī) - embodied being, embodied soul

• अविचारतः (avicārataḥ) - due to lack of discrimination/reflection

• अविचारः (avicāraḥ) - lack of discrimination, thoughtlessness

• घनाज्ञानात् (ghanājñānāt) - from dense ignorance, from profound ignorance

• अज्ञानं (ajñānaṁ) - ignorance

• दुःखकारणम् (duḥkhakāraṇam) - cause of suffering

Words meanings and morphology

जडः (jaḍaḥ) - inert, insentient, dull

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jaḍa

jaḍa - cold, stiff, inert, inanimate, dull, senseless

Root: jaḍ (class 1)

Note: Qualifies `dehaḥ`.

देहः (dehaḥ) - body, physical frame

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of deha

deha - body, form, person, physical frame

Root: dih (class 1)

Note: Subject of the first clause.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Note: Negation.

दुःखार्हः (duḥkhārhaḥ) - deserving suffering, worthy of suffering, capable of suffering

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duḥkhārha

duḥkhārha - deserving of pain, capable of suffering, experiencing misery

Compound.

Compound type : tatpurusha (duḥkha+arha)

• duḥkha – suffering, pain, misery, sorrow
  noun (neuter)
• arha – deserving, worthy, fit, capable
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from root `arh` (to deserve).
  Root: arh (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective for `dehaḥ`.

दुःखी (duḥkhī) - suffering, miserable, sorrowful (one who suffers)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duḥkhin

duḥkhin - suffering, miserable, afflicted, unhappy

Derived from `duḥkha` (suffering) with `-in` suffix.

Note: Predicate adjective for `dehī`.

देही (dehī) - embodied being, embodied soul

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dehin

dehin - embodied, having a body, individual soul, living being

Derived from `deha` (body) with `in` suffix.

Root: dih (class 1)

Note: Subject of the second clause.

अविचारतः (avicārataḥ) - due to lack of discrimination/reflection

(indeclinable)

`tasa` suffix indicating 'from' or 'due to'. Negation of `vicāra` (discrimination, reflection).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+vicāra)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
• vicāra – discrimination, reflection, examination, deliberation
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root `car` (to move, wander, think) with `vi-` prefix.
  Prefix: vi
  Root: car (class 1)

Note: Acts adverbially, meaning "from/due to `avicāra`".

अविचारः (avicāraḥ) - lack of discrimination, thoughtlessness

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of avicāra

avicāra - non-discrimination, want of consideration, thoughtlessness

Negation of `vicāra`.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+vicāra)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
• vicāra – discrimination, reflection, examination, deliberation
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from root `car` (to move, wander, think) with `vi-` prefix.
  Prefix: vi
  Root: car (class 1)

Note: Subject of the third clause.

घनाज्ञानात् (ghanājñānāt) - from dense ignorance, from profound ignorance

(noun)

Ablative, neuter, singular of ghanājñāna

ghanājñāna - dense ignorance, profound ignorance

Compound.

Compound type : karmadhāraya (ghana+ajñāna)

• ghana – dense, thick, solid, profound, cloud
  adjective (masculine)
  Root: han (class 2)
• ajñāna – ignorance, nescience, spiritual ignorance
  noun (neuter)
  Negation of `jñāna` (knowledge).
  Prefix: a
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Indicates the source of `avicāra`.

अज्ञानं (ajñānaṁ) - ignorance

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of ajñāna

ajñāna - ignorance, nescience, spiritual ignorance

Negation of `jñāna`.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+jñāna)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
• jñāna – knowledge, wisdom
  noun (neuter)
  Derived from root `jñā` (to know).
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Subject of the final clause.

दुःखकारणम् (duḥkhakāraṇam) - cause of suffering

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of duḥkhakāraṇa

duḥkhakāraṇa - cause of pain, source of misery

Compound.

Compound type : tatpurusha (duḥkha+kāraṇa)

• duḥkha – suffering, pain, misery, sorrow
  noun (neuter)
• kāraṇa – cause, reason, instrument, motive
  noun (neuter)
  Derived from root `kṛ` (to do, make).
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Predicate for `ajñānaṃ`.