वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-4, chapter-49, verse-18

ते कृशा दीनवदनाः परिश्रान्ताः प्लवंगमाः ।
आलोकं ददृशुर्वीरा निराशा जीविते तदा ॥१८॥

18. te kṛśā dīnavadanāḥ pariśrāntāḥ plavaṃgamāḥ ,
ālokaṃ dadṛśurvīrā nirāśā jīvite tadā.

18. te kṛśā dīnavadanāḥ pariśrāntāḥ plavaṅgamāḥ
ālokam dadṛśuḥ vīrā nirāśā jīvite tadā

18. te kṛśā dīnavadanāḥ pariśrāntāḥ plavaṅgamāḥ
vīrā nirāśā jīvite tadā ālokam dadṛśuḥ

18. Those emaciated, sorrow-faced, and utterly exhausted monkeys, despite being brave, had lost all hope for life when they suddenly saw a light.

Words meanings summery:

• ते (te) - they

• कृशा (kṛśā) - emaciated, thin, weak

• दीनवदनाः (dīnavadanāḥ) - with sad faces, sorrow-faced

• परिश्रान्ताः (pariśrāntāḥ) - thoroughly exhausted

• प्लवङ्गमाः (plavaṅgamāḥ) - monkeys

• आलोकम् (ālokam) - light, sight

• ददृशुः (dadṛśuḥ) - they saw

• वीरा (vīrā) - brave ones, heroes

• निराशा (nirāśā) - hopeless, without hope

• जीविते (jīvite) - in life, concerning life

• तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

Words meanings and morphology

ते (te) - they

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

कृशा (kṛśā) - emaciated, thin, weak

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kṛśa

kṛśa - thin, emaciated, weak, meager

दीनवदनाः (dīnavadanāḥ) - with sad faces, sorrow-faced

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of dīnavadana

dīnavadana - having a sad/pitiable face

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dīna+vadana)

• dīna – sad, miserable, pitiable, distressed
  adjective (masculine)
• vadana – face, mouth
  noun (neuter)

परिश्रान्ताः (pariśrāntāḥ) - thoroughly exhausted

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pariśrānta

pariśrānta - very weary, thoroughly exhausted

Past Passive Participle

From root śram (to be weary) with prefix pari-

Prefix: pari

Root: śram (class 4)

प्लवङ्गमाः (plavaṅgamāḥ) - monkeys

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of plavaṅgama

plavaṅgama - monkey (literally, 'one who goes by jumping')

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (plava+gama)

• plava – jump, leap, float
  noun (masculine)
  Root: plu (class 1)
• gama – going, moving
  adjective (masculine)
  Suffix -a after root gam
  Root: gam (class 1)

आलोकम् (ālokam) - light, sight

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of āloka

āloka - light, sight, appearance

Prefix: ā

Root: lok (class 1)

ददृशुः (dadṛśuḥ) - they saw

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (lit) of dṛś

Root: dṛś (class 1)

वीरा (vīrā) - brave ones, heroes

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of vīra

vīra - hero, brave man, warrior

Note: Used here as an adjective for the monkeys, or as a noun in apposition.

निराशा (nirāśā) - hopeless, without hope

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of nirāśa

nirāśa - hopeless, despairing, despondent

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (nis+āśā)

• nis – without, out of
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating negation or absence
• āśā – hope, expectation, desire
  noun (feminine)

जीविते (jīvite) - in life, concerning life

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of jīvita

jīvita - life, existence

Root: jīv (class 1)

तदा (tadā) - then, at that time

(indeclinable)

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