वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-58, verse-18

स तच्छ्रुत्वा वचः क्रूरं निःश्वसञ् शोककर्शितः ।
मामुवाच महातेजाः कृताञ्जलिमुपस्थितम् ॥१८॥

18. sa tacchrutvā vacaḥ krūraṃ niḥśvasañ śokakarśitaḥ ,
māmuvāca mahātejāḥ kṛtāñjalimupasthitam.

18. sa tat śrutvā vacaḥ krūram niḥśvasan śokakarśitaḥ
mām uvāca mahātejāḥ kṛtāñjalim upasthitam

18. sa krūram vacaḥ tat śrutvā niḥśvasan śokakarśitaḥ
mahātejāḥ kṛtāñjalim upasthitam mām uvāca

18. Having heard that cruel speech, he, (the sage) sighing and emaciated by grief, the greatly glorious one, then spoke to me, who stood before him with clasped hands.

Words meanings summery:

• स (sa) - he (the sage, the father) (he, that)

• तत् (tat) - that (speech) (that, it)

• श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard (having heard, after hearing)

• वचः (vacaḥ) - speech (word, speech, utterance)

• क्रूरम् (krūram) - cruel (cruel, harsh, dreadful, fierce)

• निःश्वसन् (niḥśvasan) - sighing (sighing, breathing out, exhaling)

• शोककर्शितः (śokakarśitaḥ) - emaciated by grief (emaciated by grief, weakened by sorrow)

• माम् (mām) - me (the speaker) (me)

• उवाच (uvāca) - spoke (said, spoke)

• महातेजाः (mahātejāḥ) - the greatly glorious one (highly effulgent, greatly glorious, powerful, majestic)

• कृताञ्जलिम् (kṛtāñjalim) - with clasped hands (having clasped hands, having made a reverential gesture)

• उपस्थितम् (upasthitam) - standing near, present (standing near, present, approached)

Words meanings and morphology

स (sa) - he (the sage, the father) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Subject of 'uvāca'.

तत् (tat) - that (speech) (that, it)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Qualifies 'vacaḥ'.

श्रुत्वा (śrutvā) - having heard (having heard, after hearing)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from root 'śru' (to hear) with suffix '-tvā'.

Root: śru (class 5)

Note: Indicates a preceding action.

वचः (vacaḥ) - speech (word, speech, utterance)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of vacas

vacas - word, speech, utterance

From root 'vac' (to speak).

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Object of 'śrutvā'.

क्रूरम् (krūram) - cruel (cruel, harsh, dreadful, fierce)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of krūra

krūra - cruel, harsh, dreadful, fierce, bloody

Note: Qualifies 'vacaḥ'.

निःश्वसन् (niḥśvasan) - sighing (sighing, breathing out, exhaling)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of niḥśvasat

niḥśvasat - sighing, breathing out, exhaling

Present Active Participle

From root 'śvas' (to breathe) with prefix 'nis-'.

Prefix: nis

Root: śvas (class 2)

Note: Describes the action of the sage.

शोककर्शितः (śokakarśitaḥ) - emaciated by grief (emaciated by grief, weakened by sorrow)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śokakarśita

śokakarśita - emaciated by grief, tormented by sorrow

Tatpurusha compound: 'śoka' (grief) + 'karśita' (emaciated, weakened).

Compound type : tatpurusha (śoka+karśita)

• śoka – grief, sorrow, lamentation
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'śuc' (to grieve).
  Root: śuc (class 1)
• karśita – emaciated, wasted, weakened
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'kṛś' (to make thin, weaken).
  Root: kṛś (class 1)

Note: Describes the state of the sage.

माम् (mām) - me (the speaker) (me)

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of aham

aham - I

Note: Object of 'uvāca'.

उवाच (uvāca) - spoke (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect tense (liṭ) 3rd person singular of root 'vac'.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Main verb of the sentence.

महातेजाः (mahātejāḥ) - the greatly glorious one (highly effulgent, greatly glorious, powerful, majestic)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of mahātejas

mahātejas - highly effulgent, greatly glorious, very powerful

Bahuvrīhi compound: 'mahā' (great) + 'tejas' (splendor, power).

Compound type : bahuvrihi (mahā+tejas)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• tejas – splendor, glory, power, energy, brilliance
  noun (neuter)
  From root 'tij' (to be sharp).
  Root: tij (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'sa'.

कृताञ्जलिम् (kṛtāñjalim) - with clasped hands (having clasped hands, having made a reverential gesture)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kṛtāñjali

kṛtāñjali - having clasped hands, having made a reverential gesture

Bahuvrīhi compound: 'kṛta' (made) + 'añjali' (reverential gesture with clasped hands).

Compound type : bahuvrihi (kṛta+añjali)

• kṛta – done, made, performed
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'kṛ' (to do, make).
  Root: kṛ (class 8)
• añjali – the hollow of the hands, a respectful salutation with folded hands
  noun (masculine)

Note: Describes the speaker (me).

उपस्थितम् (upasthitam) - standing near, present (standing near, present, approached)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of upasthita

upasthita - standing near, present, approached, ready

Past Passive Participle

From root 'sthā' (to stand) with prefix 'upa-'.

Prefix: upa

Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Describes the speaker (me).

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