वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-1, chapter-23, verse-12

अहो वनमिदं दुर्गं झिल्लिकागणनादितम् ।
भैरवैः श्वापदैः कीर्णं शकुन्तैर्दारुणारुतैः ॥१२॥

12. aho vanamidaṃ durgaṃ jhillikāgaṇanāditam ,
bhairavaiḥ śvāpadaiḥ kīrṇaṃ śakuntairdāruṇārutaiḥ.

12. aho vanam idam durgam jhillikāgaṇanāditam bhairavaiḥ
śvāpadaiḥ kīrṇam śakunataiḥ dāruṇāruttaiḥ

12. aho,
idam vanam durgam jhillikāgaṇanāditam bhairavaiḥ śvāpadaiḥ dāruṇāruttaiḥ śakunataiḥ ca kīrṇam

12. “Oh, this forest is formidable, resounding with the cries of countless crickets! It is filled with terrifying wild animals and birds with dreadful cries.”

Words meanings summery:

• अहो (aho) - Oh! (Oh!, Alas!)

• वनम् (vanam) - forest

• इदम् (idam) - this (forest) (this)

• दुर्गम् (durgam) - formidable (difficult to access, formidable, dangerous)

• झिल्लिकागणनादितम् (jhillikāgaṇanāditam) - resounding with the cries of countless crickets (resounding with a multitude of crickets)

• भैरवैः (bhairavaiḥ) - by terrifying (by terrifying, dreadful)

• श्वापदैः (śvāpadaiḥ) - by wild animals (by wild animals, by beasts of prey)

• कीर्णम् (kīrṇam) - filled (with) (covered, scattered, filled with)

• शकुनतैः (śakunataiḥ) - by birds

• दारुणारुत्तैः (dāruṇāruttaiḥ) - with dreadful cries (with terrible cries, whose cries are dreadful)

Words meanings and morphology

अहो (aho) - Oh! (Oh!, Alas!)

(indeclinable)

वनम् (vanam) - forest

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of vana

vana - forest, wood, grove

Note: Subject of the sentence (implied 'is').

इदम् (idam) - this (forest) (this)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of idam

idam - this, this one

Note: Adjective for `vanam`.

दुर्गम् (durgam) - formidable (difficult to access, formidable, dangerous)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of durga

durga - difficult to access, formidable, impregnable, difficult path, fortress

Derived from 'dur' (difficult) and 'ga' (going)

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Adjective for `vanam`.

झिल्लिकागणनादितम् (jhillikāgaṇanāditam) - resounding with the cries of countless crickets (resounding with a multitude of crickets)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of jhillikāgaṇanādita

jhillikāgaṇanādita - resounding with a multitude of crickets

Compound of 'jhillikā' (cricket), 'gaṇa' (multitude), and 'nādita' (made to sound, filled with sound)

Compound type : tatpurusha (jhillikā+gaṇa+nādita)

• jhillikā – cricket
  noun (feminine)
• gaṇa – multitude, host, group
  noun (masculine)
• nādita – made to sound, filled with sound, resounding
  adjective (neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'nad' (to sound) with -ita suffix
  Root: nad (class 1)

Note: Adjective for `vanam`.

भैरवैः (bhairavaiḥ) - by terrifying (by terrifying, dreadful)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of bhairava

bhairava - dreadful, terrible, frightful

Derived from 'bhīru' (fearful) or 'bhī' (to fear)

Note: Adjective for `śvāpadaiḥ`.

श्वापदैः (śvāpadaiḥ) - by wild animals (by wild animals, by beasts of prey)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of śvāpada

śvāpada - wild animal, beast of prey

Compound of 'śvan' (dog) and 'pada' (foot)

Compound type : tatpurusha (śvan+pada)

• śvan – dog
  noun (masculine)
• pada – foot, step, trace
  noun (neuter)

Note: Agent of `kīrṇam`.

कीर्णम् (kīrṇam) - filled (with) (covered, scattered, filled with)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of kīrṇa

kīrṇa - covered, scattered, filled, spread

Past Passive Participle

From root kṛ (to scatter, strew) with kta suffix

Root: kṛ (class 6)

Note: Adjective for `vanam`.

शकुनतैः (śakunataiḥ) - by birds

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of śakunta

śakunta - bird

Note: Agent of `kīrṇam`.

दारुणारुत्तैः (dāruṇāruttaiḥ) - with dreadful cries (with terrible cries, whose cries are dreadful)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of dāruṇārutta

dāruṇārutta - having dreadful cries, making terrible sounds

Compound of 'dāruṇa' (dreadful) and 'ārutta' (cry, sound)

Compound type : bahuvrihi (dāruṇa+ārutta)

• dāruṇa – dreadful, terrible, cruel
  adjective (masculine)
• ārutta – cry, sound, roar
  noun (neuter)
  Prefix: ā
  Root: ru (class 2)

Note: Adjective for `śakunataiḥ`.