महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-8, chapter-20, verse-3

दुर्योधनस्तु विरथः कृतस्तत्र महारणे ।
धर्मपुत्रः कथं चक्रे तस्मिन्वा नृपतिः कथम् ॥३॥

3. duryodhanastu virathaḥ kṛtastatra mahāraṇe ,
dharmaputraḥ kathaṁ cakre tasminvā nṛpatiḥ katham.

3. duryodhanaḥ tu virathaḥ kṛtaḥ tatra mahāraṇe
dharmaputraḥ katham cakre tasmin vā nṛpatiḥ katham

3. duryodhanaḥ tu tatra mahāraṇe virathaḥ kṛtaḥ
dharmaputraḥ katham cakre vā nṛpatiḥ tasmin katham

3. But Duryodhana was rendered without a chariot in that great battle. How did Dharmaputra (Yudhiṣṭhira) then act, or how did the king (Yudhiṣṭhira) behave in that situation?

Words meanings summery:

• दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - Duryodhana (name of the eldest Kaurava prince)

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• विरथः (virathaḥ) - without a chariot, charioless

• कृतः (kṛtaḥ) - rendered (chariotless) (made, done, rendered, caused)

• तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place, then

• महारणे (mahāraṇe) - in the great battle

• धर्मपुत्रः (dharmaputraḥ) - Dharmaputra (Yudhiṣṭhira, the eldest Pāṇḍava)

• कथम् (katham) - how?, in what manner?

• चक्रे (cakre) - he did, he made, he acted

• तस्मिन् (tasmin) - in that (situation/battle) (in that, in him, in it)

• वा (vā) - or, either... or

• नृपतिः (nṛpatiḥ) - the king (Yudhiṣṭhira) (king, monarch)

• कथम् (katham) - how?, in what manner?

Words meanings and morphology

दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - Duryodhana (name of the eldest Kaurava prince)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - Duryodhana (a proper name, lit. 'hard to fight')

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

विरथः (virathaḥ) - without a chariot, charioless

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of viratha

viratha - without a chariot, charioless, deprived of a chariot

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (vi+ratha)

• vi – without, free from, apart
  indeclinable
• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)

कृतः (kṛtaḥ) - rendered (chariotless) (made, done, rendered, caused)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kṛta

kṛta - made, done, performed, caused

Past Passive Participle

Derived from the root kṛ (to do, to make) with past passive participle suffix -ta

Root: kṛ (class 8)

तत्र (tatra) - there, in that place, then

(indeclinable)

महारणे (mahāraṇe) - in the great battle

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of mahāraṇa

mahāraṇa - great battle, mighty war

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+raṇa)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• raṇa – battle, war, combat
  noun (masculine)
  Root: raṇ (class 1)

धर्मपुत्रः (dharmaputraḥ) - Dharmaputra (Yudhiṣṭhira, the eldest Pāṇḍava)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharmaputra

dharmaputra - son of dharma, Yudhiṣṭhira

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dharma+putra)

• dharma – constitution, natural law, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• putra – son
  noun (masculine)

कथम् (katham) - how?, in what manner?

(indeclinable)

चक्रे (cakre) - he did, he made, he acted

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, perfect (lit) of kṛ

Perfect Middle Indicative

root kṛ (8th class, both voices), perfect tense, 3rd person singular, middle voice

Root: kṛ (class 8)

तस्मिन् (tasmin) - in that (situation/battle) (in that, in him, in it)

(pronoun)

Locative, masculine/neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, this, he, she, it

वा (vā) - or, either... or

(indeclinable)

नृपतिः (nṛpatiḥ) - the king (Yudhiṣṭhira) (king, monarch)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nṛpati

nṛpati - king, monarch, lord of men

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nṛ+pati)

• nṛ – man, human being
  noun (masculine)
• pati – lord, master, husband, ruler
  noun (masculine)

कथम् (katham) - how?, in what manner?

(indeclinable)