महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-5, verse-29

आ गोपालाविपालेभ्य आचक्षाणाः परंतपाः ।
आजग्मुर्नगराभ्याशं पार्थाः शत्रुनिबर्हणाः ॥२९॥

29. ā gopālāvipālebhya ācakṣāṇāḥ paraṁtapāḥ ,
ājagmurnagarābhyāśaṁ pārthāḥ śatrunibarhaṇāḥ.

29. ā gopālāvipālebhyaḥ ācakṣāṇāḥ paraṃtapāḥ
ājagmuḥ nagarābhyāśam pārthāḥ śatrunibarhaṇāḥ

29. The Pārthas (Pāṇḍavas), who were tormentors of foes and destroyers of enemies, came near the city, informing even the cowherds and shepherds.

Words meanings summery:

• आ (ā) - up to, including, even

• गोपालाविपालेभ्यः (gopālāvipālebhyaḥ) - to cowherds and shepherds

• आचक्षाणाः (ācakṣāṇāḥ) - announcing, reporting, informing

• परंतपाः (paraṁtapāḥ) - tormentors of foes, subduers of enemies

• आजग्मुः (ājagmuḥ) - they came

• नगराभ्याशम् (nagarābhyāśam) - near the city, proximity of the city

• पार्थाः (pārthāḥ) - the Pāṇḍavas (the Pārthas, sons of Pṛthā (Kuntī))

• शत्रुनिबर्हणाः (śatrunibarhaṇāḥ) - destroyers of enemies

Words meanings and morphology

आ (ā) - up to, including, even

(indeclinable)

गोपालाविपालेभ्यः (gopālāvipālebhyaḥ) - to cowherds and shepherds

(noun)

Dative, masculine, plural of gopālāvipāla

gopālāvipāla - cowherd and shepherd

Dvandva compound of gopāla (cowherd) and avipāla (shepherd).

Compound type : dvandva (gopāla+avipāla)

• gopāla – cowherd, protector of cows
  noun (masculine)
  Compound of go (cow) and pāla (protector)
• avipāla – shepherd, protector of sheep
  noun (masculine)
  Compound of avi (sheep) and pāla (protector)

Note: Can also be ablative plural. Here dative for 'to whom'.

आचक्षाणाः (ācakṣāṇāḥ) - announcing, reporting, informing

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of ācakṣāṇa

ācakṣāṇa - announcing, reporting, telling

Present Middle Participle

From prefix ā- + root cakṣ (to see, tell), present participle, middle voice

Prefix: ā

Root: cakṣ (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'pārthāḥ'.

परंतपाः (paraṁtapāḥ) - tormentors of foes, subduers of enemies

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of paraṃtapa

paraṁtapa - tormentor of foes, subduer of enemies (epithet for warriors/kings)

Compound of para (enemy) and tapa (causing pain/heat).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (para+tapa)

• para – other, supreme, enemy
  noun (masculine)
• tapa – heat, pain, penance, torment
  noun (masculine)
  Root: tap (class 1)

Note: An epithet for the Pāṇḍavas.

आजग्मुः (ājagmuḥ) - they came

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past perfect (lit) of āgam

Perfect, Parasmaipada, 3rd plural

From prefix ā- + root gam (to go)

Prefix: ā

Root: gam (class 1)

नगराभ्याशम् (nagarābhyāśam) - near the city, proximity of the city

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of nagarābhyāśa

nagarābhyāśa - proximity of a city, vicinity of a town

Compound of nagara (city) and abhyāśa (proximity, nearness).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nagara+abhyāśa)

• nagara – city, town
  noun (neuter)
• abhyāśa – proximity, nearness, vicinity
  noun (masculine)
  From prefix abhi- + ā- + root as (to be)
  Prefixes: abhi+ā

Note: Indicates destination.

पार्थाः (pārthāḥ) - the Pāṇḍavas (the Pārthas, sons of Pṛthā (Kuntī))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pārtha

pārtha - son of Pṛthā (Kuntī), an epithet for the Pāṇḍavas, especially Arjuna

Patronymic from Pṛthā

Note: Subject of 'ājagmuḥ' and 'ācakṣāṇāḥ'.

शत्रुनिबर्हणाः (śatrunibarhaṇāḥ) - destroyers of enemies

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of śatrunibarhaṇa

śatrunibarhaṇa - destroyer of enemies, slayer of foes

Compound of śatru (enemy) and nibarhaṇa (destroying).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śatru+nibarhaṇa)

• śatru – enemy, foe
  noun (masculine)
• nibarhaṇa – destroying, killing, striking down
  noun (neuter)
  From prefix ni- + root bṛh (to tear, destroy)
  Prefix: ni
  Root: bṛh (class 1)

Note: An epithet for the Pāṇḍavas.