महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-72, verse-1

दमयन्त्युवाच ।
गच्छ केशिनि जानीहि क एष रथवाहकः ।
उपविष्टो रथोपस्थे विकृतो ह्रस्वबाहुकः ॥१॥

1. damayantyuvāca ,
gaccha keśini jānīhi ka eṣa rathavāhakaḥ ,
upaviṣṭo rathopasthe vikṛto hrasvabāhukaḥ.

1. damayantī uvāca gaccha keśini jānīhi kaḥ eṣaḥ
rathavāhakaḥ upaviṣṭaḥ rathopasthe vikṛtaḥ hrasvabāhukaḥ

1. Damayantī said: "Go, Keśinī, and find out who this charioteer is, who is seated in the front part of the chariot, disfigured and with short arms."

Words meanings summery:

• दमयन्ती (damayantī) - Damayantī

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• गच्छ (gaccha) - go! (you go)

• केशिनि (keśini) - (name of the female messenger) (O Keśinī)

• जानीहि (jānīhi) - know!, find out!

• कः (kaḥ) - who?, what? (masculine)

• एषः (eṣaḥ) - this, he (masculine)

• रथवाहकः (rathavāhakaḥ) - charioteer, one who drives a chariot

• उपविष्टः (upaviṣṭaḥ) - seated, sitting

• रथोपस्थे (rathopasthe) - in the front part of the chariot, in the lap of the chariot

• विकृतः (vikṛtaḥ) - disfigured (in appearance) (disfigured, deformed, changed, altered)

• ह्रस्वबाहुकः (hrasvabāhukaḥ) - having short arms

Words meanings and morphology

दमयन्ती (damayantī) - Damayantī

(proper noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of damayantī

damayantī - Damayantī (name of the princess, Nala's wife)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Mood, Parasmaipada

3rd person singular perfect of `vac` (strong form of root).

Root: vac (class 2)

गच्छ (gaccha) - go! (you go)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of gam

Imperative Mood, Parasmaipada

2nd person singular imperative of `gam` (class 1 `gacch` stem).

Root: gam (class 1)

केशिनि (keśini) - (name of the female messenger) (O Keśinī)

(proper noun)

Vocative, feminine, singular of keśinī

keśinī - Keśinī (name of Damayantī's female messenger)

Derived from `keśin` (hairy, having hair) + feminine suffix `ī`.

जानीहि (jānīhi) - know!, find out!

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of jñā

Imperative Mood, Parasmaipada

2nd person singular imperative of `jñā` (class 9 verb, `jānā` stem).

Root: jñā (class 9)

कः (kaḥ) - who?, what? (masculine)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which (interrogative pronoun)

Masculine nominative singular of `kim`.

Note: Acts as the subject of the implied verb "is".

एषः (eṣaḥ) - this, he (masculine)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of etas

etas - this, he (proximal demonstrative pronoun)

Masculine nominative singular of `etas`.

Note: Co-refers with `kaḥ` and `rathavāhakaḥ`.

रथवाहकः (rathavāhakaḥ) - charioteer, one who drives a chariot

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rathavāhaka

rathavāhaka - charioteer, coachman, one who pulls or drives a car/chariot

Agent noun from `ratha` (chariot) + `vāhaka` (driver).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+vāhaka)

• ratha – chariot, car
  noun (masculine)
• vāhaka – driver, carrier, bearer
  noun (masculine)
  Agent noun from root `vah` (to carry, to drive) + `aka` suffix.
  Root: vah (class 1)

Note: Predicate nominative for `kaḥ eṣaḥ`.

उपविष्टः (upaviṣṭaḥ) - seated, sitting

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of upaviṣṭa

upaviṣṭa - seated, sitting, placed upon

Past Passive Participle

From root `viś` (to enter) with prefix `upa`. Past passive participle suffix `-ta`. The root `viś` has `ṣ` in ppp forms.

Prefix: upa

Root: viś (class 6)

रथोपस्थे (rathopasthe) - in the front part of the chariot, in the lap of the chariot

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of rathopastha

rathopastha - front part of a chariot, 'lap' of a chariot

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+upastha)

• ratha – chariot, car
  noun (masculine)
• upastha – lap, seat, front part, near
  noun (masculine)
  From `upa` (near) and `sthā` (to stand) or `astha` (standing, being).
  Prefix: upa
  Root: sthā (class 1)

विकृतः (vikṛtaḥ) - disfigured (in appearance) (disfigured, deformed, changed, altered)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vikṛta

vikṛta - disfigured, deformed, altered, changed, monstrous

Past Passive Participle

From root `kṛ` (to make, to do) with prefix `vi` (apart, against). Past passive participle suffix `-ta`.

Prefix: vi

Root: kṛ (class 8)

ह्रस्वबाहुकः (hrasvabāhukaḥ) - having short arms

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of hrasvabāhuka

hrasvabāhuka - having short arms, short-armed

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (hrasva+bāhuka)

• hrasva – short, small, dwarfish
  adjective (masculine)
• bāhuka – armed, having arms; one with prominent arms
  adjective (masculine)
  From `bāhu` (arm) + `ka` suffix (possessive/diminutive).

Note: Masculine nominative singular agreeing with `rathavāhakaḥ`.