महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-192, verse-4

कुवलाश्व इति ख्यात इक्ष्वाकुरपराजितः ।
कथं नाम विपर्यासाद्धुन्धुमारत्वमागतः ॥४॥

4. kuvalāśva iti khyāta ikṣvākuraparājitaḥ ,
kathaṁ nāma viparyāsāddhundhumāratvamāgataḥ.

4. kuvalāśvaḥ iti khyātaḥ ikṣvākuḥ aparājitaḥ
katham nāma viparyāsāt dhundhumāratvam āgataḥ

4. How did the celebrated, unconquered Ikṣvāku king, known as Kuvalāśva, come to attain the state of being Dhundhumāra (Dhundhumāratva) due to a transformation?

Words meanings summery:

• कुवलाश्वः (kuvalāśvaḥ) - The name of the Ikṣvāku king. (Kuvalāśva (a king's name))

• इति (iti) - Used to introduce a name or quotation. 'named' or 'known as'. (thus, so, named, as such)

• ख्यातः (khyātaḥ) - Describing King Kuvalāśva. (famous, renowned, known)

• इक्ष्वाकुः (ikṣvākuḥ) - Refers to the lineage or a king of that lineage. Here, it refers to Kuvalāśva as an Ikṣvāku king. (Ikṣvāku (a prominent solar dynasty))

• अपराजितः (aparājitaḥ) - Describing the king's prowess. (unconquered, invincible, undefeated)

• कथम् (katham) - Asking about the process or reason for the transformation. (how? in what manner?)

• नाम (nāma) - Used here as an emphatic particle, 'indeed' or 'by name'. (indeed, truly, by name, an emphatic particle)

• विपर्यासात् (viparyāsāt) - Explaining the cause of the change in name/status. (from a reversal, due to a transformation, by an inversion)

• धुन्धुमारत्वम् (dhundhumāratvam) - The new name or title acquired by Kuvalāśva. (the state of being Dhundhumāra, Dhundhumāra-hood)

• आगतः (āgataḥ) - 'attained' or 'became' the state of Dhundhumāra. (come, arrived, attained, became)

Words meanings and morphology

कुवलाश्वः (kuvalāśvaḥ) - The name of the Ikṣvāku king. (Kuvalāśva (a king's name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kuvalāśva

kuvalāśva - Kuvalāśva (proper name of a king)

Compound meaning 'one whose horses are water-lilies' (Kuvala + Aśva).

Compound type : bahuvrihi (kuvala+aśva)

• kuvala – water-lily, lotus
  noun (neuter)
• aśva – horse
  noun (masculine)

Note: Subject of the sentence (implied 'was')

इति (iti) - Used to introduce a name or quotation. 'named' or 'known as'. (thus, so, named, as such)

(indeclinable)

Particle

ख्यातः (khyātaḥ) - Describing King Kuvalāśva. (famous, renowned, known)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of khyāta

khyāta - known, celebrated, famous, proclaimed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root khyā (class 2) + -ta suffix

Root: khyā (class 2)

Note: Agrees with kuvalāśvaḥ

इक्ष्वाकुः (ikṣvākuḥ) - Refers to the lineage or a king of that lineage. Here, it refers to Kuvalāśva as an Ikṣvāku king. (Ikṣvāku (a prominent solar dynasty))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ikṣvāku

ikṣvāku - Ikṣvāku (name of a mythological king, founder of the Solar Dynasty; also refers to a descendant of Ikṣvāku)

Masculine noun, u-stem

Note: Agrees with kuvalāśvaḥ

अपराजितः (aparājitaḥ) - Describing the king's prowess. (unconquered, invincible, undefeated)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of aparājita

aparājita - unconquered, undefeated, invincible

Past Passive Participle

Derived from a (negation) + parā (prefix) + root ji (to conquer) + -ta suffix

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+parājita)

• a – not, non-
  indeclinable
  Negative prefix
• parājita – conquered, defeated
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from root ji with prefix parā
  Prefix: parā
  Root: ji (class 1)

Note: Agrees with kuvalāśvaḥ

कथम् (katham) - Asking about the process or reason for the transformation. (how? in what manner?)

(indeclinable)

Interrogative adverb

Root: kim

नाम (nāma) - Used here as an emphatic particle, 'indeed' or 'by name'. (indeed, truly, by name, an emphatic particle)

(indeclinable)

Used as an emphatic particle or to mean 'by name'.

विपर्यासात् (viparyāsāt) - Explaining the cause of the change in name/status. (from a reversal, due to a transformation, by an inversion)

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of viparyāsa

viparyāsa - inversion, reversal, change, perversion, alteration

Masculine noun, derived from vi + pari + root as

Prefixes: vi+pari

Root: as (class 2)

Note: Indicates cause or origin

धुन्धुमारत्वम् (dhundhumāratvam) - The new name or title acquired by Kuvalāśva. (the state of being Dhundhumāra, Dhundhumāra-hood)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of dhundhumāratva

dhundhumāratva - the state or condition of being Dhundhumāra

Neuter noun, formed with the suffix -tva from Dhundhumāra (proper noun)

Note: Object of āgataḥ (became, attained)

आगतः (āgataḥ) - 'attained' or 'became' the state of Dhundhumāra. (come, arrived, attained, became)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āgata

āgata - come, arrived, approached, happened, attained, became

Past Passive Participle

Derived from ā (prefix) + root gam (to go) + -ta suffix

Prefix: ā

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agrees with kuvalāśvaḥ (subject). In this context, it has an active sense, 'became' or 'attained'.