महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-168, verse-1

अर्जुन उवाच ।
ततोऽश्मवर्षं सुमहत्प्रादुरासीत्समन्ततः ।
नगमात्रैर्महाघोरैस्तन्मां दृढमपीडयत् ॥१॥

1. arjuna uvāca ,
tato'śmavarṣaṁ sumahatprādurāsītsamantataḥ ,
nagamātrairmahāghoraistanmāṁ dṛḍhamapīḍayat.

1. Arjunaḥ uvāca tataḥ aśmavarṣam sumahat prādurāsīt
samantataḥ nagamātraiḥ mahāghoraiḥ tat mām dṛḍham apīḍayat

1. Arjuna said: Then a very great rain of stones, mountain-sized and extremely dreadful, appeared all around. That severely tormented me.

Words meanings summery:

• अर्जुनः (arjunaḥ) - The Pāṇḍava prince and warrior, speaker of the verse. (Arjuna)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• ततः (tataḥ) - then, after that (then, therefrom, from that)

• अश्मवर्षम् (aśmavarṣam) - rain of stones, hail of stones

• सुमहत् (sumahat) - very great, mighty

• प्रादुरासीत् (prādurāsīt) - appeared, became manifest, arose

• समन्ततः (samantataḥ) - all around, on all sides

• नगमात्रैः (nagamātraiḥ) - mountain-sized, of the size of mountains

• महाघोरैः (mahāghoraiḥ) - very dreadful, extremely terrible

• तत् (tat) - That (rain of stones) (that, it)

• माम् (mām) - Arjuna (speaker) (me)

• दृढम् (dṛḍham) - severely (firmly, strongly, severely)

• अपीडयत् (apīḍayat) - tormented, oppressed, afflicted

Words meanings and morphology

अर्जुनः (arjunaḥ) - The Pāṇḍava prince and warrior, speaker of the verse. (Arjuna)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of Arjuna

Arjuna - Arjuna (proper noun, name of the third Pāṇḍava prince)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Active

Irregular perfect form from √vac, 3rd person singular.

Root: vac (class 2)

ततः (tataḥ) - then, after that (then, therefrom, from that)

(indeclinable)

अश्मवर्षम् (aśmavarṣam) - rain of stones, hail of stones

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of aśmavarṣa

aśmavarṣa - rain of stones, hail of stones

Compound type : tatpurusha (aśman+varṣa)

• aśman – stone, rock
  noun (masculine)
• varṣa – rain, shower
  noun (neuter)
  Root: vṛṣ (class 1)

Note: Can also be accusative singular, but nominative fits the sentence structure better as the subject of 'prādurāsīt'.

सुमहत् (sumahat) - very great, mighty

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of sumahat

sumahat - very great, mighty, huge

Compound of su- (good/well/very) and mahat (great).

Compound type : karmadharaya (su+mahat)

• su – good, well, very
  indeclinable
• mahat – great, large, mighty
  adjective (neuter)

Note: Agrees with aśmavarṣam.

प्रादुरासीत् (prādurāsīt) - appeared, became manifest, arose

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of prādurbhū

Imperfect Active

From prādus (adverb meaning 'manifest') + √bhū (to be, become). Imperfect, 3rd person singular.

Prefix: prādus

Root: bhū (class 1)

समन्ततः (samantataḥ) - all around, on all sides

(indeclinable)

Derived from samanta (all around) + -tas suffix.

नगमात्रैः (nagamātraiḥ) - mountain-sized, of the size of mountains

(adjective)

Instrumental, neuter, plural of nagamātra

nagamātra - mountain-sized, of the size of mountains

Compound of naga (mountain) and mātra (measure, size).

Compound type : bahuvrihi (naga+mātra)

• naga – mountain, tree
  noun (masculine)
• mātra – measure, size, only
  noun (neuter)
  Root: mā (class 3)

Note: Agrees with mahāghoraiḥ, referring to the constituent stones of the stone-rain.

महाघोरैः (mahāghoraiḥ) - very dreadful, extremely terrible

(adjective)

Instrumental, neuter, plural of mahāghora

mahāghora - very dreadful, extremely terrible, mighty fierce

Compound of mahā (great) and ghora (dreadful).

Compound type : karmadharaya (mahā+ghora)

• mahā – great, mighty
  adjective
• ghora – dreadful, terrible, fierce
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Agrees with nagamātraiḥ, referring to the constituent stones of the stone-rain.

तत् (tat) - That (rain of stones) (that, it)

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, it (demonstrative pronoun)

Note: Refers to aśmavarṣam.

माम् (mām) - Arjuna (speaker) (me)

(pronoun)

Accusative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we (first person pronoun)

Note: Object of apīḍayat.

दृढम् (dṛḍham) - severely (firmly, strongly, severely)

(indeclinable)

Past Passive Participle

P.P.P. of √dṛh (to be firm). Used adverbially here.

Root: dṛh (class 1)

Note: Modifies apīḍayat.

अपीडयत् (apīḍayat) - tormented, oppressed, afflicted

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of pīḍ

Imperfect Active

Causative of √pīḍ (to suffer pain), 3rd person singular.

Root: pīḍ (class 10)