महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-3, chapter-115, verse-8

स भवान्कथयत्वेतद्यथा रामेण निर्जिताः ।
आहवे क्षत्रियाः सर्वे कथं केन च हेतुना ॥८॥

8. sa bhavānkathayatvetadyathā rāmeṇa nirjitāḥ ,
āhave kṣatriyāḥ sarve kathaṁ kena ca hetunā.

8. saḥ bhavān kathayatu etat yathā rāmeṇa nirjitāḥ
āhave kṣatriyāḥ sarve katham kena ca hetunā

8. Therefore, you, sir, please narrate this: how were all the Kshatriyas conquered in battle by Rama, and for what reason?

Words meanings summery:

• सः (saḥ) - Here, serves as a conjunction or emphasizes the previous statement, 'Therefore,' or 'That being the case.' (that, he, therefore)

• भवान् (bhavān) - you, your honor, sir

• कथयतु (kathayatu) - let him tell, may he tell, please tell (you)

• एतत् (etat) - Refers to the story or details Yudhishthira wants to hear. (this)

• यथा (yathā) - Introduces the question about the manner of victory. (how, as, in what manner)

• रामेण (rāmeṇa) - Refers to Paraśurāma, the son of Jamadagni. (by Rama)

• निर्जिताः (nirjitāḥ) - conquered, defeated, overcome

• आहवे (āhave) - in battle, in combat, in war

• क्षत्रियाः (kṣatriyāḥ) - Refers to the warrior class/kings. (Kshatriyas, warriors)

• सर्वे (sarve) - all, whole, every

• कथम् (katham) - how? in what manner?

• केन (kena) - by whom, by what

• च (ca) - and, also

• हेतुना (hetunā) - by reason, by cause, on account of

Words meanings and morphology

सः (saḥ) - Here, serves as a conjunction or emphasizes the previous statement, 'Therefore,' or 'That being the case.' (that, he, therefore)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Often used to begin a sentence, meaning 'therefore' or 'and so'.

भवान् (bhavān) - you, your honor, sir

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhavat

bhavat - you, your honor

Agent noun from bhū, used as an honorific pronoun.

Root: bhū (class 1)

Note: Addressing an esteemed person.

कथयतु (kathayatu) - let him tell, may he tell, please tell (you)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperative (loṭ) of kath

Imperative mood, active voice, 3rd person singular (causative stem)

Causative stem kathaya- from root kath.

Root: kath (class 10)

Note: Refers to the addressed person (bhavān).

एतत् (etat) - Refers to the story or details Yudhishthira wants to hear. (this)

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of etad

etad - this

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Object of 'kathayatu'.

यथा (yathā) - Introduces the question about the manner of victory. (how, as, in what manner)

(indeclinable)

रामेण (rāmeṇa) - Refers to Paraśurāma, the son of Jamadagni. (by Rama)

(proper noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of rāma

rāma - Rama, pleasure, joy

Note: Agent in a passive construction (निर्जिताः).

निर्जिताः (nirjitāḥ) - conquered, defeated, overcome

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of nirjita

nirjita - conquered, vanquished, overcome

Past Passive Participle

From root ji (to conquer) with upasarga nis.

Prefix: nis

Root: ji (class 1)

आहवे (āhave) - in battle, in combat, in war

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of āhava

āhava - battle, combat, war

From root hve (to call) with upasarga ā.

Prefix: ā

Root: hve (class 1)

क्षत्रियाः (kṣatriyāḥ) - Refers to the warrior class/kings. (Kshatriyas, warriors)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of kṣatriya

kṣatriya - a member of the warrior or ruling class, a Kshatriya

Note: Subject of the passive construction.

सर्वे (sarve) - all, whole, every

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, whole, every

Note: Adjective modifying 'kṣatriyāḥ'.

कथम् (katham) - how? in what manner?

(indeclinable)

Interrogative adverb.

केन (kena) - by whom, by what

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine/neuter, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

Interrogative pronoun.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction.

हेतुना (hetunā) - by reason, by cause, on account of

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of hetu

hetu - cause, reason, motive, means

From root hi

Root: hi (class 5)