महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-319, verse-1

भीष्म उवाच ।
गिरिपृष्ठं समारुह्य सुतो व्यासस्य भारत ।
समे देशे विविक्ते च निःशलाक उपाविशत् ॥१॥

1. bhīṣma uvāca ,
giripṛṣṭhaṁ samāruhya suto vyāsasya bhārata ,
same deśe vivikte ca niḥśalāka upāviśat.

1. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca giripṛṣṭham samāruhya sutaḥ vyāsasya
bhārata same deśe vivikte ca niḥśalākaḥ upāviśat

1. bhīṣmaḥ uvāca bhārata vyāsasya sutaḥ giripṛṣṭham
samāruhya niḥśalākaḥ same vivikte deśe ca upāviśat

1. Bhishma said: "O descendant of Bharata, the son of Vyasa, having ascended a mountain ridge, then sat down in a level, secluded place, being free from obstacles."

Words meanings summery:

• भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - the patriarch Bhishma, speaker of these words (Bhishma (a proper name))

• उवाच (uvāca) - Bhishma narrated these events (he said, he spoke)

• गिरिपृष्ठम् (giripṛṣṭham) - the peak or high point of a mountain (mountain top, mountain ridge, mountain surface)

• समारुह्य (samāruhya) - having gone up to (the mountain ridge) (having ascended, having climbed up)

• सुतः (sutaḥ) - the son (Shuka) (son)

• व्यासस्य (vyāsasya) - referring to the sage Vyasa, father of Shuka (of Vyasa)

• भारत (bhārata) - an address to Dhritarashtra or Yudhishthira, common in the Mahabharata (O descendant of Bharata, O Indian)

• समे (same) - in a smooth, flat place (on a level, even)

• देशे (deśe) - in a specific location (in a place, in a region)

• विविक्ते (vivikte) - in a private and quiet spot suitable for meditation (secluded, solitary, isolated)

• च (ca) - connects the adjectives describing the place (and, also)

• निःशलाकः (niḥśalākaḥ) - free from internal distractions or external impediments (without obstacles/thorns, unobstructed, calm)

• उपाविशत् (upāviśat) - he took a seat for meditation or contemplation (he sat down)

Words meanings and morphology

भीष्मः (bhīṣmaḥ) - the patriarch Bhishma, speaker of these words (Bhishma (a proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - terrible, formidable; a proper name (Bhishma, son of Shantanu)

From root bhī (to fear) + -ṣma suffix.

Root: bhī (class 3)

Note: Subject of 'uvāca'.

उवाच (uvāca) - Bhishma narrated these events (he said, he spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active, Parasmaipada, 3rd person singular

Reduplicated perfect form of root vac.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Main verb of the introductory clause.

गिरिपृष्ठम् (giripṛṣṭham) - the peak or high point of a mountain (mountain top, mountain ridge, mountain surface)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of giripṛṣṭha

giripṛṣṭha - mountain top, mountain ridge, peak

Tatpuruṣa compound: 'giri' (mountain) + 'pṛṣṭha' (back, surface, top).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (giri+pṛṣṭha)

• giri – mountain, hill
  noun (masculine)
  Root: gṝ (class 6)
• pṛṣṭha – back, surface, top, ridge
  noun (neuter)
  Root: pṛṣ (class 6)

Note: Object of the absolutive 'samāruhya'.

समारुह्य (samāruhya) - having gone up to (the mountain ridge) (having ascended, having climbed up)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive / Gerund

Formed with prefixes sam- and ā- and the suffix -ya to the root ruh.

Prefixes: sam+ā

Root: ruh (class 1)

Note: An absolutive (gerund) indicating an action preceding 'upāviśat'.

सुतः (sutaḥ) - the son (Shuka) (son)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of suta

suta - son, offspring

From root sū (to beget, to produce) + -ta suffix (Kṛt suffix).

Root: sū (class 2)

Note: Subject of the main clause.

व्यासस्य (vyāsasya) - referring to the sage Vyasa, father of Shuka (of Vyasa)

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of vyāsa

vyāsa - an arranger, compiler; a proper name (Vyasa, the compiler of Vedas and Mahabharata)

From vi-as (to throw apart, to divide, to arrange).

Prefix: vi

Root: as (class 4)

Note: Possessive, 'of Vyasa'.

भारत (bhārata) - an address to Dhritarashtra or Yudhishthira, common in the Mahabharata (O descendant of Bharata, O Indian)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of bhārata

bhārata - a descendant of Bharata, relating to Bharata or India

Derived from Bharata.

समे (same) - in a smooth, flat place (on a level, even)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of sama

sama - even, level, similar, equal, tranquil

Root: śam (class 4)

देशे (deśe) - in a specific location (in a place, in a region)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of deśa

deśa - place, spot, region, country

Root: diś (class 6)

Note: Indicates the location where Shuka sat.

विविक्ते (vivikte) - in a private and quiet spot suitable for meditation (secluded, solitary, isolated)

(adjective)

Locative, masculine, singular of vivikta

vivikta - separated, secluded, solitary, isolated, pure

Past Passive Participle

From vi-vic (to separate, to discriminate) + -ta suffix.

Prefix: vi

Root: vic (class 7)

Note: Agrees with 'deśe'.

च (ca) - connects the adjectives describing the place (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

निःशलाकः (niḥśalākaḥ) - free from internal distractions or external impediments (without obstacles/thorns, unobstructed, calm)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of niḥśalāka

niḥśalāka - without thorns or obstacles, clear, unimpeded, undisturbed

From 'nis' (without) + 'śalākā' (splinter, thorn, obstacle).

Compound type : prādi-samāsa (nis+śalākā)

• nis – without, out, free from
  indeclinable
  Prefix for negation or absence.
• śalākā – twig, splinter, thorn, small stick, obstacle
  noun (feminine)
  From root śal (to move, to dart).
  Root: śal (class 1)

Note: Grammatically modifies 'sutaḥ', indicating Shuka's state of being unimpeded or free from distractions when he sat down.

उपाविशत् (upāviśat) - he took a seat for meditation or contemplation (he sat down)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of upaviś

Imperfect Active, Parasmaipada, 3rd person singular

Formed with prefix upa- and root viś. Augment 'a' for imperfect.

Prefix: upa

Root: viś (class 6)

Note: Main verb of the narration.