महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-24, verse-21

शङ्ख उवाच ।
न कुप्ये तव धर्मज्ञ न च दूषयसे मम ।
धर्मस्तु ते व्यतिक्रान्तस्ततस्ते निष्कृतिः कृता ॥२१॥

21. śaṅkha uvāca ,
na kupye tava dharmajña na ca dūṣayase mama ,
dharmastu te vyatikrāntastataste niṣkṛtiḥ kṛtā.

21. śaṅkhaḥ uvāca na kupye tava dharmajña na ca dūṣayase
mama dharmaḥ tu te vyatikrāntaḥ tataḥ te niṣkṛtiḥ kṛtā

21. śaṅkhaḥ uvāca dharmajña tava na kupye ca mama na dūṣayase
tu te dharmaḥ vyatikrāntaḥ tataḥ te niṣkṛtiḥ kṛtā

21. Shankha said: "O knower of natural law (dharma), I am not angry with you, nor do you do anything wrong to me. However, the natural law (dharma) was indeed transgressed by you, therefore an expiation has been performed for you."

Words meanings summery:

• शङ्खः (śaṅkhaḥ) - The sage Shankha, speaker of this verse. (Shankha (name))

• उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

• न (na) - not, no

• कुप्ये (kupye) - I am angry

• तव (tava) - with you (as the object of anger, used in dative sense with 'kupye'). (of you, for you, with you)

• धर्मज्ञ (dharmajña) - Address to Lichita. (O knower of natural law (dharma), O righteous one)

• न (na) - not, no

• च (ca) - and, also

• दूषयसे (dūṣayase) - you do wrong to or you offend. (you blame, you corrupt, you harm)

• मम (mama) - Here, implying 'to me' or 'for me' in a dative sense with 'dūṣayase'. (my, of me, to me)

• धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - The code of conduct or religious law that was violated. (natural law (dharma), duty, righteousness)

• तु (tu) - Emphatic particle contrasting the previous statement. (but, indeed, on the other hand)

• ते (te) - Agent of the action 'vyatikrāntaḥ'. (by you)

• व्यतिक्रान्तः (vyatikrāntaḥ) - The dharma was transgressed. (transgressed, violated, passed over)

• ततः (tataḥ) - Therefore (as a consequence). (therefore, thence, from that)

• ते (te) - For your benefit. (for you)

• निष्कृतिः (niṣkṛtiḥ) - The expiation for Lichita's transgression. (expiation, atonement, purification)

• कृता (kṛtā) - The expiation has been performed. (done, performed)

Words meanings and morphology

शङ्खः (śaṅkhaḥ) - The sage Shankha, speaker of this verse. (Shankha (name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śaṅkha

śaṅkha - conch-shell; a name

उवाच (uvāca) - he said, he spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of vac

perfect tense

3rd person singular perfect active of root vac (2nd class)

Root: vac (class 2)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Note: Negation particle.

कुप्ये (kupye) - I am angry

(verb)

1st person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of kup

present tense

1st person singular present active of root kup (4th class), Atmanepada form (or archaic Parasmaipada)

Root: kup (class 4)

तव (tava) - with you (as the object of anger, used in dative sense with 'kupye'). (of you, for you, with you)

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (pronoun)

Note: Used idiomatically in a dative sense (to/for you) with verbs like 'kup' or 'ruṣ'.

धर्मज्ञ (dharmajña) - Address to Lichita. (O knower of natural law (dharma), O righteous one)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of dharmajña

dharmajña - knower of natural law (dharma), righteous

Compound type : tatpurusha (dharma+jña)

• dharma – natural law, duty, righteousness, constitution
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ
• jña – knower, understanding
  adjective (masculine)
  agent noun suffix
  Derived from root jñā 'to know'
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Used substantively as an address.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Note: Negation particle.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

दूषयसे (dūṣayase) - you do wrong to or you offend. (you blame, you corrupt, you harm)

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of dūṣ

present tense causative/denominative

2nd person singular present middle (Ātmanepada) of the causative/denominative from root dūṣ

Root: dūṣ (class 10)

मम (mama) - Here, implying 'to me' or 'for me' in a dative sense with 'dūṣayase'. (my, of me, to me)

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of aham

aham - I (pronoun)

Note: Can function as dative in certain contexts.

धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - The code of conduct or religious law that was violated. (natural law (dharma), duty, righteousness)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, duty, righteousness, constitution

Root: dhṛ

Note: Subject of 'vyatikrāntaḥ'.

तु (tu) - Emphatic particle contrasting the previous statement. (but, indeed, on the other hand)

(indeclinable)

ते (te) - Agent of the action 'vyatikrāntaḥ'. (by you)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (pronoun)

Note: Enclitic form of 'tvayā'.

व्यतिक्रान्तः (vyatikrāntaḥ) - The dharma was transgressed. (transgressed, violated, passed over)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vyatikrānta

vyatikrānta - transgressed, violated, passed beyond

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root kram with upasargas vi and ati

Prefixes: vi+ati

Root: kram (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'dharmaḥ'.

ततः (tataḥ) - Therefore (as a consequence). (therefore, thence, from that)

(indeclinable)

ते (te) - For your benefit. (for you)

(pronoun)

Dative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you (pronoun)

Note: Enclitic form of 'tubhyam'.

निष्कृतिः (niṣkṛtiḥ) - The expiation for Lichita's transgression. (expiation, atonement, purification)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of niṣkṛti

niṣkṛti - expiation, atonement, purification, remedy

Derived from root kṛ with upasarga nis

Prefix: nis

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Subject of 'kṛtā'.

कृता (kṛtā) - The expiation has been performed. (done, performed)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of kṛta

kṛta - done, made, performed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root kṛ 'to do, make'

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Agreement with 'niṣkṛtiḥ'.