महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-169, verse-9

पुत्र उवाच ।
मृत्युनाभ्याहतो लोको जरया परिवारितः ।
अहोरात्राः पतन्त्येते ननु कस्मान्न बुध्यसे ॥९॥

9. putra uvāca ,
mṛtyunābhyāhato loko jarayā parivāritaḥ ,
ahorātrāḥ patantyete nanu kasmānna budhyase.

9. putra uvāca mṛtyunā abhyāhataḥ lokaḥ jarayā parivāritaḥ
ahorātrāḥ patanti ete nanu kasmāt na budhyase

9. putra uvāca lokaḥ mṛtyunā abhyāhataḥ jarayā parivāritaḥ
ete ahorātrāḥ patanti nanu kasmāt na budhyase

9. The son said: The world is afflicted by death and encompassed by old age. These days and nights are constantly passing. Why, then, do you not comprehend this reality?

Words meanings summery:

• पुत्र (putra) - son, child

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• मृत्युना (mṛtyunā) - by death

• अभ्याहतः (abhyāhataḥ) - afflicted, struck, attacked

• लोकः (lokaḥ) - world, people, realm

• जरया (jarayā) - by old age, by decay

• परिवारितः (parivāritaḥ) - surrounded, encircled

• अहोरात्राः (ahorātrāḥ) - days and nights

• पतन्ति (patanti) - they fall, they descend, they pass

• एते (ete) - these

• ननु (nanu) - indeed, then, why, surely

• कस्मात् (kasmāt) - why, from what cause

• न (na) - not, no

• बुध्यसे (budhyase) - you understand, you know, you awaken

Words meanings and morphology

पुत्र (putra) - son, child

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, child

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect

reduplicated perfect, from root vac

Root: vac (class 2)

मृत्युना (mṛtyunā) - by death

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of mṛtyu

mṛtyu - death, dying

अभ्याहतः (abhyāhataḥ) - afflicted, struck, attacked

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of abhyāhata

abhyāhata - afflicted, struck, attacked

Past Passive Participle

from ā-han with abhi

Prefixes: abhi+ā

Root: han (class 2)

लोकः (lokaḥ) - world, people, realm

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of loka

loka - world, people, realm

जरया (jarayā) - by old age, by decay

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of jarā

jarā - old age, decay, decrepitude

परिवारितः (parivāritaḥ) - surrounded, encircled

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of parivārita

parivārita - surrounded, encircled

Past Passive Participle

from vṛ (to cover) with pari (all around)

Prefix: pari

Root: vṛ (class 9)

अहोरात्राः (ahorātrāḥ) - days and nights

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of ahorātra

ahorātra - day and night

compound of ahan (day) and rātra (night)

Compound type : dvandva (ahan+rātra)

• ahan – day
  noun (neuter)
• rātra – night
  noun (neuter)

पतन्ति (patanti) - they fall, they descend, they pass

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of pat

Present Tense

Root: pat (class 1)

एते (ete) - these

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of etad

etad - this, these

ननु (nanu) - indeed, then, why, surely

(indeclinable)

कस्मात् (kasmāt) - why, from what cause

(pronoun)

Ablative, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

Note: Used adverbially to mean 'why'.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

बुध्यसे (budhyase) - you understand, you know, you awaken

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of budh

Present Tense

from root budh, 4th class middle voice

Root: budh (class 4)