महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-10, chapter-10, verse-13

यं जित्वा तप्यते पश्चादापन्न इव दुर्मतिः ।
कथं मन्येत विजयं ततो जिततरः परैः ॥१३॥

13. yaṁ jitvā tapyate paścādāpanna iva durmatiḥ ,
kathaṁ manyeta vijayaṁ tato jitataraḥ paraiḥ.

13. yam jitvā tapyate paścāt āpannaḥ iva durmatiḥ
katham manyeta vijayam tataḥ jitataraḥ paraiḥ

13. yam jitvā durmatiḥ paścāt āpannaḥ iva tapyate
katham vijayam manyeta tataḥ paraiḥ jitataraḥ

13. When a person, after conquering someone, repents afterward like a fool who has fallen into misfortune, how can he consider that a victory? He is, in fact, more truly defeated than if he had been conquered by others.

Words meanings summery:

• यम् (yam) - whom (referring to enemies/kinsmen previously mentioned) (whom, which)

• जित्वा (jitvā) - having conquered, after conquering

• तप्यते (tapyate) - he repents, he suffers (mentally) (he repents, he suffers, he practices asceticism)

• पश्चात् (paścāt) - afterwards (afterwards, behind, later)

• आपन्नः (āpannaḥ) - one who has fallen into misfortune (obtained, reached, fallen into, distressed)

• इव (iva) - as if (like, as, as if)

• दुर्मतिः (durmatiḥ) - a foolish person (foolish, ill-minded, a fool)

• कथम् (katham) - how? (rhetorical, implying 'it cannot be') (how? in what way?)

• मन्येत (manyeta) - one would consider (implying 'how could one consider?') (one might think, one might consider)

• विजयम् (vijayam) - a victory (victory, triumph, conquest)

• ततः (tataḥ) - than that (previous victory) or from that (state of misery) (from that, thence, then, therefore)

• जिततरः (jitataraḥ) - more defeated (than by others) (more conquered, more defeated)

• परैः (paraiḥ) - by (other) enemies (by others, by enemies)

Words meanings and morphology

यम् (yam) - whom (referring to enemies/kinsmen previously mentioned) (whom, which)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of yad

yad - who, which, what

Relative pronoun.

Note: Refers to the object of `jitvā`.

जित्वा (jitvā) - having conquered, after conquering

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Formed from root `ji` with suffix `-tvā`.

Root: ji (class 1)

तप्यते (tapyate) - he repents, he suffers (mentally) (he repents, he suffers, he practices asceticism)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of tap

Present Tense, Middle Voice

From root `tap`, 4th class (divādi) in middle voice or passive. Here used reflexively for repentance.

Root: tap (class 4)

पश्चात् (paścāt) - afterwards (afterwards, behind, later)

(indeclinable)

Adverb.

आपन्नः (āpannaḥ) - one who has fallen into misfortune (obtained, reached, fallen into, distressed)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āpanna

āpanna - obtained, reached, fallen into, distressed, unfortunate

Past Passive Participle

From root `āp` (to obtain, reach) with prefix `ā`.

Prefix: ā

Root: āp (class 5)

इव (iva) - as if (like, as, as if)

(indeclinable)

Particle expressing comparison.

दुर्मतिः (durmatiḥ) - a foolish person (foolish, ill-minded, a fool)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of durmati

durmati - ill-minded, foolish, evil-minded; a fool, a wicked person

Compound.

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dur+mati)

• dur – bad, evil, difficult
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating badness or difficulty.
• mati – mind, thought, intellect, opinion
  noun (feminine)

Note: Subject of `tapyate`.

कथम् (katham) - how? (rhetorical, implying 'it cannot be') (how? in what way?)

(indeclinable)

Interrogative adverb.

मन्येत (manyeta) - one would consider (implying 'how could one consider?') (one might think, one might consider)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, optative (liṅ) of man

Optative Mood, Middle Voice

From root `man` (4th conjugation, divādi), optative 3rd person singular, middle voice.

Root: man (class 4)

विजयम् (vijayam) - a victory (victory, triumph, conquest)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of vijaya

vijaya - victory, triumph, conquest

From root `ji` with prefix `vi`.

Prefix: vi

Root: ji (class 1)

ततः (tataḥ) - than that (previous victory) or from that (state of misery) (from that, thence, then, therefore)

(indeclinable)

Adverb derived from `tad`.

जिततरः (jitataraḥ) - more defeated (than by others) (more conquered, more defeated)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jitatara

jitatara - more conquered, more defeated

Comparative degree of `jita`.

Root: ji

Note: Qualifies the implied subject (the person who conquers and repents).

परैः (paraiḥ) - by (other) enemies (by others, by enemies)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of para

para - other, another, stranger, enemy, supreme