वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-4, chapter-10, verse-12

तं प्रविष्टं विदित्वा तु सुघोरं सुमहद्बिलम् ।
अयमुक्तो ऽथ मे भ्राता मया तु क्रूरदर्शनः ॥१२॥

12. taṃ praviṣṭaṃ viditvā tu sughoraṃ sumahadbilam ,
ayamukto'tha me bhrātā mayā tu krūradarśanaḥ.

12. tam praviṣṭam viditvā tu sughoram sumahat bilam
ayam uktaḥ atha me bhrātā mayā tu krūradarśanaḥ

12. tu tam sughoram sumahat bilam praviṣṭam viditvā,
atha mayā ayam me krūradarśanaḥ bhrātā uktaḥ

12. But, having thus realized that he had entered that exceedingly dreadful and enormous cavern, I then addressed this grim-faced brother of mine.

Words meanings summery:

• तम् (tam) - the demon (him, that)

• प्रविष्टम् (praviṣṭam) - entered, gone into

• विदित्वा (viditvā) - having known, having perceived, having understood

• तु (tu) - but, however, indeed

• सुघोरम् (sughoram) - very dreadful, exceedingly terrible

• सुमहत् (sumahat) - very great, exceedingly large

• बिलम् (bilam) - hole, cavern, cavity, den

• अयम् (ayam) - this, he

• उक्तः (uktaḥ) - said, spoken, addressed

• अथ (atha) - then, now, thereupon

• मे (me) - my (genitive sense, referring to the brother) (by me, to me, my)

• भ्राता (bhrātā) - brother

• मया (mayā) - by me

• तु (tu) - but, however, indeed

• क्रूरदर्शनः (krūradarśanaḥ) - of cruel appearance, grim-faced, fierce-looking

Words meanings and morphology

तम् (tam) - the demon (him, that)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Object of 'viditvā', referring to the demon in conjunction with 'praviṣṭam'.

प्रविष्टम् (praviṣṭam) - entered, gone into

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of praviṣṭa

praviṣṭa - entered, gone into, penetrated

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root viś 'to enter' with prefix pra- and suffix -ta.

Prefix: pra

Root: viś (class 6)

Note: Agrees with 'tam'. 'Having known him entered'.

विदित्वा (viditvā) - having known, having perceived, having understood

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

Derived from root vid 'to know' with suffix -tvā.

Root: vid (class 2)

तु (tu) - but, however, indeed

(indeclinable)

Note: Particle marking contrast or emphasis.

सुघोरम् (sughoram) - very dreadful, exceedingly terrible

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sughora

sughora - very dreadful, exceedingly terrible, highly formidable

From su- (intensive) + ghora (dreadful).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (su+ghora)

• su – good, well, very (intensive prefix)
  indeclinable
  Intensifying prefix.
• ghora – dreadful, terrible, fierce, awful
  adjective (neuter)

Note: Qualifies 'bilam'.

सुमहत् (sumahat) - very great, exceedingly large

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of sumahat

sumahat - very great, exceedingly large, enormous

From su- (intensive) + mahat (great).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (su+mahat)

• su – good, well, very (intensive prefix)
  indeclinable
  Intensifying prefix.
• mahat – great, large, vast, mighty
  adjective (neuter)

Note: Qualifies 'bilam'.

बिलम् (bilam) - hole, cavern, cavity, den

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of bila

bila - hole, cavern, cavity, den

Note: Object of 'praviṣṭam'.

अयम् (ayam) - this, he

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of idam

idam - this, he, she, it

Note: Refers to the brother.

उक्तः (uktaḥ) - said, spoken, addressed

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ukta

ukta - said, spoken, declared, addressed

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root vac 'to speak' with suffix -ta, with vocalization change.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'bhrātā'.

अथ (atha) - then, now, thereupon

(indeclinable)

Note: Denotes sequence or transition.

मे (me) - my (genitive sense, referring to the brother) (by me, to me, my)

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of aham

aham - I

Note: Enclitic form, showing possession.

भ्राता (bhrātā) - brother

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bhrātṛ

bhrātṛ - brother

Note: Subject of the passive verb 'uktaḥ'.

मया (mayā) - by me

(pronoun)

Instrumental, singular of aham

aham - I

Note: Explicit agent of the passive verb 'uktaḥ'.

तु (tu) - but, however, indeed

(indeclinable)

Note: Particle marking contrast or emphasis.

क्रूरदर्शनः (krūradarśanaḥ) - of cruel appearance, grim-faced, fierce-looking

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of krūradarśana

krūradarśana - of cruel appearance, grim-faced, fierce-looking

From krūra (cruel) + darśana (appearance).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (krūra+darśana)

• krūra – cruel, fierce, harsh
  adjective (masculine)
• darśana – sight, appearance, seeing
  noun (neuter)
  From root dṛś 'to see'.
  Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'bhrātā'.