वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-68, verse-22

एतौ दृष्ट्वा कृषौ दीनौ सूर्यरश्मिप्रतापिनौ ।
वध्यमानौ बलीवर्दौ कर्षकेण सुराधिप ॥२२॥

22. etau dṛṣṭvā kṛṣau dīnau sūryaraśmipratāpinau ,
vadhyamānau balīvardau karṣakeṇa surādhipa.

22. etau dṛṣṭvā kṛśau dīnau sūryaraśmipratāpinau
| vadhyamānau balīvardau karṣakeṇa surādhipa

22. surādhipa,
karṣakeṇa sūryaraśmipratāpinau vadhyamānau kṛśau dīnau etau balīvardau dṛṣṭvā (aham śocāmi)

22. O lord of gods, having seen these two emaciated and miserable oxen, tormented by the sun's rays and being beaten by the farmer, (I grieve).

Words meanings summery:

• एतौ (etau) - Refers to the two bullocks mentioned later. (these two)

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - The cause of Surabhi's grief. (having seen)

• कृशौ (kṛśau) - Describes the physical condition of the oxen. (emaciated, lean, weak (dual))

• दीनौ (dīnau) - Describes the emotional or overall pitiable state of the oxen. (miserable, distressed, sad (dual))

• सूर्यरश्मिप्रतापिनौ (sūryaraśmipratāpinau) - Specific hardship endured by the oxen. (suffering from the sun's rays, tormented by heat (dual))

• वध्यमानौ (vadhyamānau) - Describes the active abuse of the oxen by the farmer. (being beaten, being struck, being tormented (dual))

• बलीवर्दौ (balīvardau) - The two sons of Surabhi, suffering under the farmer's yoke. (two oxen, two bullocks)

• कर्षकेण (karṣakeṇa) - The agent causing the beating of the oxen. (by the farmer, by the ploughman)

• सुराधिप (surādhipa) - Vocative address to Indra. (O lord of gods, O king of gods)

Words meanings and morphology

एतौ (etau) - Refers to the two bullocks mentioned later. (these two)

(pronoun)

Accusative, masculine, dual of etad

etad - this, these

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Refers to 'balīvardau'.

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - The cause of Surabhi's grief. (having seen)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root dṛś (class 1) + ktvā suffix.

Root: dṛś (class 1)

कृशौ (kṛśau) - Describes the physical condition of the oxen. (emaciated, lean, weak (dual))

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, dual of kṛśa

kṛśa - thin, lean, emaciated, weak, meager

From root kṛś (to be thin, to emaciate).

Root: kṛś (class 6)

दीनौ (dīnau) - Describes the emotional or overall pitiable state of the oxen. (miserable, distressed, sad (dual))

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, dual of dīna

dīna - miserable, distressed, wretched, sad, poor, humble

Past Passive Participle

From root dī (to be sorrowful).

Root: dī (class 4)

सूर्यरश्मिप्रतापिनौ (sūryaraśmipratāpinau) - Specific hardship endured by the oxen. (suffering from the sun's rays, tormented by heat (dual))

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, dual of sūryaraśmipratāpin

sūryaraśmipratāpin - suffering from the sun's rays, tormented by sun's heat

Adjective derived from compound.

Compound: sūrya (sun) + raśmi (ray) + pratāpin (suffering from heat).

Compound type : tatpurusha (sūrya+raśmi+pratāpin)

• sūrya – sun, sun god
  noun (masculine)
  Root: sū (class 2)
• raśmi – ray (of light), bridle, cord
  noun (masculine)
  From root raś (to draw, pull).
  Root: raś (class 1)
• pratāpin – causing heat, tormenting, powerful, glorious
  adjective (masculine)
  Present active participle
  From prefix pra + root tap (to heat, torment) + -in suffix.
  Prefix: pra
  Root: tap (class 1)

वध्यमानौ (vadhyamānau) - Describes the active abuse of the oxen by the farmer. (being beaten, being struck, being tormented (dual))

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, dual of vadhyamāna

vadhyamāna - being beaten, being struck, being killed, being tormented

Present Passive Participle

From root vadh (to strike, kill, punish) + śānac suffix (passive present participle).

Root: vadh (class 1)

बलीवर्दौ (balīvardau) - The two sons of Surabhi, suffering under the farmer's yoke. (two oxen, two bullocks)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, dual of balīvarda

balīvarda - ox, bullock

Compound of bala (strength) and vṛdha (growing) or varda (giving). More commonly considered a primary stem.

Note: Direct object of 'dṛṣṭvā'.

कर्षकेण (karṣakeṇa) - The agent causing the beating of the oxen. (by the farmer, by the ploughman)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of karṣaka

karṣaka - farmer, ploughman, cultivator

Agent noun.

From root kṛṣ (to plough) + ṇvul suffix (agent noun).

Root: kṛṣ (class 1)

Note: Agent of the passive participle 'vadhyamānau'.

सुराधिप (surādhipa) - Vocative address to Indra. (O lord of gods, O king of gods)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of surādhipa

surādhipa - lord of gods, king of gods (epithet of Indra)

Compound: sura (god) + adhipa (lord).

Compound type : tatpurusha (sura+adhipa)

• sura – god, deity
  noun (masculine)
• adhipa – lord, ruler, chief
  noun (masculine)
  From adhi (over, upon) + root pā (to protect, rule).
  Prefix: adhi
  Root: pā (class 2)