महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-5, chapter-123, verse-22

अथ दुर्योधनं राजा धृतराष्ट्रोऽभ्यभाषत ।
आसीनं भ्रातृभिः सार्धं राजभिः परिवारितम् ॥२२॥

22. atha duryodhanaṁ rājā dhṛtarāṣṭro'bhyabhāṣata ,
āsīnaṁ bhrātṛbhiḥ sārdhaṁ rājabhiḥ parivāritam.

22. atha duryodhanam rājā dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ abhyabhāṣata
āsīnam bhrātṛbhiḥ sārdham rājabhiḥ parivāritam

22. Then, King Dhritarashtra addressed Duryodhana, who was seated with his brothers and surrounded by other kings.

Words meanings summery:

• अथ (atha) - then, now, moreover

• दुर्योधनम् (duryodhanam) - Duryodhana

• राजा (rājā) - king

• धृतराष्ट्रः (dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ) - Dhritarashtra

• अभ्यभाषत (abhyabhāṣata) - he addressed

• आसीनम् (āsīnam) - seated, sitting

• भ्रातृभिः (bhrātṛbhiḥ) - by/with brothers

• सार्धम् (sārdham) - along with, together with

• राजभिः (rājabhiḥ) - by/with kings, by/with princes

• परिवारितम् (parivāritam) - surrounded, encompassed

Words meanings and morphology

अथ (atha) - then, now, moreover

(indeclinable)

दुर्योधनम् (duryodhanam) - Duryodhana

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - 'difficult to fight with', name of the eldest son of Dhritarashtra

Compound of 'dur' (difficult) and 'yodhana' (fighting).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (dur+yodhana)

• dur – difficult, bad, ill
  indeclinable
• yodhana – fighting, warrior
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'yudh' (to fight) + 'ana' suffix.
  Root: yudh (class 4)

Note: Direct object of 'abhyabhāṣata'.

राजा (rājā) - king

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Subject of 'abhyabhāṣata'.

धृतराष्ट्रः (dhṛtarāṣṭraḥ) - Dhritarashtra

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of dhṛtarāṣṭra

dhṛtarāṣṭra - 'one who holds the kingdom', name of the blind king of Hastinapura, father of the Kauravas

Compound of 'dhṛta' (held) and 'rāṣṭra' (kingdom).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dhṛta+rāṣṭra)

• dhṛta – held, borne, maintained
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root 'dhṛ' (to hold, bear).
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• rāṣṭra – kingdom, realm, country, nation
  noun (neuter)

Note: Agrees with 'rājā'.

अभ्यभाषत (abhyabhāṣata) - he addressed

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of abhibhāṣ

Imperfect Tense, Middle Voice

From root 'bhāṣ' (to speak) with prefix 'abhi'. Imperfect (laṅ), 3rd person singular, ātmanepada.

Prefix: abhi

Root: bhāṣ (class 1)

आसीनम् (āsīnam) - seated, sitting

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of āsīna

āsīna - seated, sitting, dwelling

Present Active Participle

From root 'ās' (to sit) + 'śānac' suffix.

Root: ās (class 2)

Note: Agrees with 'duryodhanam'.

भ्रातृभिः (bhrātṛbhiḥ) - by/with brothers

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of bhrātṛ

bhrātṛ - brother

Note: Used with 'sārdham'.

सार्धम् (sārdham) - along with, together with

(indeclinable)

Derived from 'sa' (with) and 'ardha' (half, side, part).

राजभिः (rājabhiḥ) - by/with kings, by/with princes

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, prince

Root: rāj (class 1)

Note: Used with 'parivāritam'.

परिवारितम् (parivāritam) - surrounded, encompassed

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of parivārita

parivārita - surrounded, accompanied by, encircled

Past Passive Participle

From root 'vṛ' (to cover, enclose) with prefix 'pari'.

Prefix: pari

Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: Agrees with 'duryodhanam'.