महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-61, verse-1

वैशंपायन उवाच ।
आहूयमानस्तु स तेन संख्ये महामना धृतराष्ट्रस्य पुत्रः ।
निवर्तितस्तस्य गिराङ्कुशेन गजो यथा मत्त इवाङ्कुशेन ॥१॥

1. vaiśaṁpāyana uvāca ,
āhūyamānastu sa tena saṁkhye; mahāmanā dhṛtarāṣṭrasya putraḥ ,
nivartitastasya girāṅkuśena; gajo yathā matta ivāṅkuśena.

1. vaiśaṃpāyanaḥ uvāca āhūyamānaḥ tu saḥ
tena saṃkhye mahāmanāḥ dhṛtarāṣṭrasya
putraḥ nivartitaḥ tasya girā
aṅkuśena gajaḥ yathā mattaḥ iva aṅkuśena

1. Vaiśaṃpāyana said: But the proud son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, having been addressed by him in battle, turned back due to his speech, just as a maddened elephant is turned by a goad.

Words meanings summery:

• वैशंपायनः (vaiśaṁpāyanaḥ) - Vaiśampāyana (name of the narrator)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• आहूयमानः (āhūyamānaḥ) - being called, being addressed

• तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

• सः (saḥ) - Refers to Duryodhana. (he, that)

• तेन (tena) - Refers to the speaker of the previous verse (e.g., Bhīṣma). (by him, by that)

• संख्ये (saṁkhye) - in battle (in battle, in enumeration)

• महामनाः (mahāmanāḥ) - Here implying pride or strong will, leading to reaction. (great-minded, proud, high-spirited)

• धृतराष्ट्रस्य (dhṛtarāṣṭrasya) - of Dhṛtarāṣṭra

• पुत्रः (putraḥ) - Refers to Duryodhana. (son)

• निवर्तितः (nivartitaḥ) - Duryodhana turned back (to face the speaker/consider the words). (turned back, made to turn back, stopped)

• तस्य (tasya) - Refers to the speaker of the warning. (his, of that)

• गिरा (girā) - by speech, by voice

• अङ्कुशेन (aṅkuśena) - by a goad

• गजः (gajaḥ) - elephant

• यथा (yathā) - just as, as

• मत्तः (mattaḥ) - Describes the elephant in the simile. (maddened, intoxicated, furious)

• इव (iva) - like, as if

• अङ्कुशेन (aṅkuśena) - by a goad

Words meanings and morphology

वैशंपायनः (vaiśaṁpāyanaḥ) - Vaiśampāyana (name of the narrator)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśaṃpāyana

vaiśaṁpāyana - Vaiśaṃpāyana (sage, narrator of the Mahābhārata to Janamejaya)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect active, 3rd person singular

From root 'vac' (class 2, parasmāipada). Form 'uvāca' is irregular perfect.

Root: vac (class 2)

आहूयमानः (āhūyamānaḥ) - being called, being addressed

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of āhūyamāna

āhūyamāna - being called, being invoked

Present Passive Participle

Root 'hvā' (to call) with prefix 'ā', in passive voice, 'māna' suffix.

Prefix: ā

Root: hvā (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'saḥ' and 'putraḥ'.

तु (tu) - but, indeed, however

(indeclinable)

सः (saḥ) - Refers to Duryodhana. (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

तेन (tena) - Refers to the speaker of the previous verse (e.g., Bhīṣma). (by him, by that)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

संख्ये (saṁkhye) - in battle (in battle, in enumeration)

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of saṃkhyā

saṁkhyā - battle, encounter, enumeration, number

Prefix: sam

Root: khyā (class 2)

महामनाः (mahāmanāḥ) - Here implying pride or strong will, leading to reaction. (great-minded, proud, high-spirited)

(compound)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahā+manas)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective
• manas – mind, spirit, intellect
  noun (neuter)

Note: Agrees with 'putraḥ'.

धृतराष्ट्रस्य (dhṛtarāṣṭrasya) - of Dhṛtarāṣṭra

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of dhṛtarāṣṭra

dhṛtarāṣṭra - Dhṛtarāṣṭra (name of the blind king, father of the Kauravas)

पुत्रः (putraḥ) - Refers to Duryodhana. (son)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of putra

putra - son, child

निवर्तितः (nivartitaḥ) - Duryodhana turned back (to face the speaker/consider the words). (turned back, made to turn back, stopped)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nivartita

nivartita - turned back, caused to return, stopped

Past Passive Participle

Root 'vṛt' (to turn) with prefix 'ni', causative stem 'vartaya', then 'ta' suffix.

Prefix: ni

Root: vṛt (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'putraḥ'.

तस्य (tasya) - Refers to the speaker of the warning. (his, of that)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

गिरा (girā) - by speech, by voice

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of gir

gir - speech, voice, word

अङ्कुशेन (aṅkuśena) - by a goad

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of aṅkuśa

aṅkuśa - goad (for elephants)

Note: Used here instrumentally in a simile.

गजः (gajaḥ) - elephant

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gaja

gaja - elephant

यथा (yathā) - just as, as

(indeclinable)

मत्तः (mattaḥ) - Describes the elephant in the simile. (maddened, intoxicated, furious)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of matta

matta - intoxicated, maddened, furious, proud

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root 'mad' (to be glad, to be intoxicated) + 'ta' suffix.

Root: mad (class 4)

Note: Agrees with 'gajaḥ'.

इव (iva) - like, as if

(indeclinable)

अङ्कुशेन (aṅkuśena) - by a goad

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of aṅkuśa

aṅkuśa - goad (for elephants)

Note: Used here instrumentally in a simile.