महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-42, verse-1

वैशंपायन उवाच ।
अथ दुर्योधनो राजा समरे भीष्ममब्रवीत् ।
द्रोणं च रथशार्दूलं कृपं च सुमहारथम् ॥१॥

1. vaiśaṁpāyana uvāca ,
atha duryodhano rājā samare bhīṣmamabravīt ,
droṇaṁ ca rathaśārdūlaṁ kṛpaṁ ca sumahāratham.

1. vaiśaṃpāyanaḥ uvāca atha duryodhanaḥ rājā samare bhīṣmam
abravīt droṇam ca rathaśārdūlam kṛpam ca sumahāratham

1. Vaiśampāyana said: Then King Duryodhana spoke in battle to Bhishma, and to Drona, that foremost of charioteers, and to Kripa, the great general.

Words meanings summery:

• वैशंपायनः (vaiśaṁpāyanaḥ) - Vaiśampāyana

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• अथ (atha) - then, now, thereupon

• दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - Duryodhana

• राजा (rājā) - king

• समरे (samare) - in battle, in combat

• भीष्मम् (bhīṣmam) - Bhishma

• अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - spoke, said

• द्रोणम् (droṇam) - Drona

• च (ca) - and, also

• रथशार्दूलम् (rathaśārdūlam) - epithet for Drona (foremost among charioteers, tiger of chariots)

• कृपम् (kṛpam) - Kripa

• च (ca) - and, also

• सुमहारथम् (sumahāratham) - epithet for Kripa (a very great charioteer, great general)

Words meanings and morphology

वैशंपायनः (vaiśaṁpāyanaḥ) - Vaiśampāyana

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vaiśaṃpāyana

vaiśaṁpāyana - Vaiśampāyana (a sage, disciple of Vyasa)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect tense

From root vac, perfect form.

Root: vac (class 2)

अथ (atha) - then, now, thereupon

(indeclinable)

दुर्योधनः (duryodhanaḥ) - Duryodhana

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duryodhana

duryodhana - Duryodhana (eldest son of Dhritarashtra)

राजा (rājā) - king

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, sovereign, ruler

Root: rāj (class 1)

समरे (samare) - in battle, in combat

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of samara

samara - battle, war, combat, conflict

भीष्मम् (bhīṣmam) - Bhishma

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of bhīṣma

bhīṣma - Bhishma (a renowned warrior in the Mahabharata)

अब्रवीत् (abravīt) - spoke, said

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of vac

Imperfect tense

From root vac.

Root: vac (class 2)

द्रोणम् (droṇam) - Drona

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of droṇa

droṇa - Drona (a great teacher and warrior)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

रथशार्दूलम् (rathaśārdūlam) - epithet for Drona (foremost among charioteers, tiger of chariots)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of rathaśārdūla

rathaśārdūla - tiger among chariots, foremost charioteer

Tatpurusha compound (locative or genitive).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+śārdūla)

• ratha – chariot, car
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ramh (class 1)
• śārdūla – tiger, excellent, foremost
  noun (masculine)

कृपम् (kṛpam) - Kripa

(proper noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of kṛpa

kṛpa - Kripa (a Brahmin warrior and teacher)

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

सुमहारथम् (sumahāratham) - epithet for Kripa (a very great charioteer, great general)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of sumahāratha

sumahāratha - a very great charioteer, a great general

Karmadhāraya compound. su (very) + mahā (great) + ratha (charioteer, warrior).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (su+mahat+ratha)

• su – good, well, very, excellent
  indeclinable
  Prefix denoting excellence or intensity.
• mahat – great, large, mighty
  adjective (masculine)
  Stem of mahat.
• ratha – chariot, charioteer, warrior
  noun (masculine)
  Root: ramh (class 1)