महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-2, chapter-54, verse-1

युधिष्ठिर उवाच ।
मत्तः कैतवकेनैव यज्जितोऽस्मि दुरोदरम् ।
शकुने हन्त दीव्यामो ग्लहमानाः सहस्रशः ॥१॥

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca ,
mattaḥ kaitavakenaiva yajjito'smi durodaram ,
śakune hanta dīvyāmo glahamānāḥ sahasraśaḥ.

1. yudhiṣṭhira uvāca mattaḥ kaitavakena eva yat jitaḥ asmi
durāudaram śakune hanta dīvyāmaḥ glahamānāḥ sahasraśaḥ

1. Yudhiṣṭhira said: "O Śakuni, I have indeed been defeated by your deceit in the game of dice (durāudaram). Now, alas, we play, staking thousands."

Words meanings summery:

• युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - The eldest of the Pāṇḍavas, who is speaking. (Yudhiṣṭhira (name of a king))

• उवाच (uvāca) - Yudhiṣṭhira said. (said, spoke)

• मत्तः (mattaḥ) - by me (Yudhiṣṭhira) (from me, by me)

• कैतवकेन (kaitavakena) - by Śakuni's deceit (by deceit, by fraud)

• एव (eva) - emphasizes the deceit (indeed, only, just, merely)

• यत् (yat) - because (connecting the reason for defeat) (that, because, since, which)

• जितः (jitaḥ) - defeated (Yudhiṣṭhira is the one defeated) (conquered, won, defeated)

• अस्मि (asmi) - I am (the one who is defeated) (I am)

• दुराउदरम् (durāudaram) - the game of dice (being played) (gambling, dice-play, a game of dice)

• शकुने (śakune) - addressing Śakuni, the antagonist (O Śakuni)

• हन्त (hanta) - expressing sorrow or resignation (alas, ah, now then, come on)

• दीव्यामः (dīvyāmaḥ) - Yudhiṣṭhira and Śakuni are playing (we play, we gamble)

• ग्लहमानाः (glahamānāḥ) - Yudhiṣṭhira and Śakuni are staking wealth. (staking, wagering, risking)

• सहस्रशः (sahasraśaḥ) - staking wealth in quantities of thousands. (by thousands, in thousands)

Words meanings and morphology

युधिष्ठिर (yudhiṣṭhira) - The eldest of the Pāṇḍavas, who is speaking. (Yudhiṣṭhira (name of a king))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yudhiṣṭhira

yudhiṣṭhira - name of a Pāṇḍava king

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (yudhi+sthira)

• yudhi – in battle
  indeclinable (feminine)
  locative singular of yudh (battle)
• sthira – firm, stable
  adjective
  Root: sthā (class 1)

उवाच (uvāca) - Yudhiṣṭhira said. (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect Active

From root vac, reduplicated perfect, third person singular

Root: vac (class 2)

मत्तः (mattaḥ) - by me (Yudhiṣṭhira) (from me, by me)

(pronoun)

Ablative, singular of asmad

asmad - I, we

Note: Can also be considered 'by me' in passive constructions.

कैतवकेन (kaitavakena) - by Śakuni's deceit (by deceit, by fraud)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of kaitavaka

kaitavaka - deceit, fraud, trickery

from kitava (gambler) + aka (suffix)

एव (eva) - emphasizes the deceit (indeed, only, just, merely)

(indeclinable)

an emphatic particle

यत् (yat) - because (connecting the reason for defeat) (that, because, since, which)

(indeclinable)

Note: Here acts as a subordinating conjunction.

जितः (jitaḥ) - defeated (Yudhiṣṭhira is the one defeated) (conquered, won, defeated)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ji

ji - to conquer, to win, to defeat

Past Passive Participle

From root ji, used adjectivally

Root: ji (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'asmi' and implies 'I (Yudhiṣṭhira) have been defeated'.

अस्मि (asmi) - I am (the one who is defeated) (I am)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present (lat) of as

Present Active

From root as, first person singular

Root: as (class 2)

Note: Used with a past passive participle to form a past passive construction 'I have been defeated'.

दुराउदरम् (durāudaram) - the game of dice (being played) (gambling, dice-play, a game of dice)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of durāudara

durāudara - gambling, dice, dice-play

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dura+udara)

• dura – bad, difficult
  adjective
• udara – belly, stomach
  noun (neuter)

Note: Used adverbially as 'in gambling' or as an object of the verb. Here, it signifies 'at gambling'.

शकुने (śakune) - addressing Śakuni, the antagonist (O Śakuni)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of śakuni

śakuni - name of a Gandhara prince, maternal uncle of Duryodhana

हन्त (hanta) - expressing sorrow or resignation (alas, ah, now then, come on)

(indeclinable)

दीव्यामः (dīvyāmaḥ) - Yudhiṣṭhira and Śakuni are playing (we play, we gamble)

(verb)

1st person , plural, active, present (lat) of div

Present Active

From root div, first person plural

Root: div (class 4)

Note: Refers to 'we' (Yudhiṣṭhira and Śakuni).

ग्लहमानाः (glahamānāḥ) - Yudhiṣṭhira and Śakuni are staking wealth. (staking, wagering, risking)

(participle)

Nominative, masculine, plural of glah

glah - to stake, to wager, to risk

Present Middle Participle

From root glah, masculine plural nominative

Root: glah (class 1)

Note: Agrees with the implied subject of `dīvyāmaḥ` (we).

सहस्रशः (sahasraśaḥ) - staking wealth in quantities of thousands. (by thousands, in thousands)

(indeclinable)

from sahasra (thousand) + śas (adverbial suffix)