महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-13, chapter-118, verse-2

दुःखं प्राणपरित्यागः पुरुषाणां महामृधे ।
जानामि तत्त्वं धर्मज्ञ प्राणत्यागं सुदुष्करम् ॥२॥

2. duḥkhaṁ prāṇaparityāgaḥ puruṣāṇāṁ mahāmṛdhe ,
jānāmi tattvaṁ dharmajña prāṇatyāgaṁ suduṣkaram.

2. duḥkham prāṇaparityāgaḥ puruṣāṇām mahāmṛdhe
jānāmi tattvam dharmajña prāṇatyāgam suduṣkaram

2. dharmajña,
puruṣāṇām mahāmṛdhe prāṇaparityāgaḥ duḥkham.
[aham] tattvam jānāmi [yat] prāṇatyāgam suduṣkaram.

2. Giving up one's life in a great battle is painful for men. O knower of natural law (dharma), I know the truth: abandoning life is extremely difficult.

Words meanings summery:

• दुःखम् (duḥkham) - painful (as a predicate) (pain, suffering, sorrow, difficulty)

• प्राणपरित्यागः (prāṇaparityāgaḥ) - giving up one's life (abandonment of life, giving up life)

• पुरुषाणाम् (puruṣāṇām) - for men (of men, of persons)

• महामृधे (mahāmṛdhe) - in a great battle (in a great battle, in a great conflict)

• जानामि (jānāmi) - I know (I know, I understand)

• तत्त्वम् (tattvam) - the truth (truth, reality, principle)

• धर्मज्ञ (dharmajña) - O knower of natural law (dharma) (knower of natural law, knower of righteousness)

• प्राणत्यागम् (prāṇatyāgam) - abandoning life (abandonment of life, giving up life)

• सुदुष्करम् (suduṣkaram) - extremely difficult (very difficult, extremely hard)

Words meanings and morphology

दुःखम् (duḥkham) - painful (as a predicate) (pain, suffering, sorrow, difficulty)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - pain, suffering, sorrow, difficulty, misery

From `dus` (bad) + `kha` (opening/space), referring to something that is not good.

Note: Predicate nominative with implied 'is'.

प्राणपरित्यागः (prāṇaparityāgaḥ) - giving up one's life (abandonment of life, giving up life)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prāṇaparityāga

prāṇaparityāga - abandonment of life, giving up life

Compound of `prāṇa` and `parityāga`.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (prāṇa+parityāga)

• prāṇa – life-breath, vital air, life, spirit
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: pra
  Root: an (class 2)
• parityāga – abandonment, relinquishment, sacrifice, giving up
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from `pari` + `tyaj` + `ghañ`.
  Prefix: pari
  Root: tyaj (class 1)

Note: Subject of the first clause.

पुरुषाणाम् (puruṣāṇām) - for men (of men, of persons)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of puruṣa

puruṣa - man, person, human being, the supreme cosmic person (puruṣa)

Note: Indicates relation or for whom the action is difficult.

महामृधे (mahāmṛdhe) - in a great battle (in a great battle, in a great conflict)

(noun)

Locative, feminine, singular of mahāmṛdh

mahāmṛdh - great battle, great conflict

Compound of `mahā` (great) and `mṛdh` (battle).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+mṛdh)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective (feminine)
• mṛdh – battle, fight, conflict
  noun (feminine)
  Root: mṛdh (class 1)

Note: Location where giving up life occurs.

जानामि (jānāmi) - I know (I know, I understand)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of jñā

Present active indicative

From root `jñā`, 9th class verb.

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Verb for the speaker (Bhishma).

तत्त्वम् (tattvam) - the truth (truth, reality, principle)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tattva

tattva - truth, reality, principle, essence

From `tad` (that) + `tva` (suffix for abstract noun).

Note: Object of `jānāmi`.

धर्मज्ञ (dharmajña) - O knower of natural law (dharma) (knower of natural law, knower of righteousness)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of dharmajña

dharmajña - knower of dharma, righteous

Compound of `dharma` and `jña`.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (dharma+jña)

• dharma – natural law, constitution, intrinsic nature, righteousness, duty, virtue
  noun (masculine)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)
• jña – knowing, knower of
  adjective (masculine)
  Derived from root `jñā` with suffix `ka`.
  Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Addressed to Yudhiṣṭhira.

प्राणत्यागम् (prāṇatyāgam) - abandoning life (abandonment of life, giving up life)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of prāṇatyāga

prāṇatyāga - abandonment of life, giving up life

Compound of `prāṇa` and `tyāga`.

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (prāṇa+tyāga)

• prāṇa – life-breath, vital air, life, spirit
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: pra
  Root: an (class 2)
• tyāga – abandonment, relinquishment, giving up
  noun (masculine)
  Derived from `tyaj` + `ghañ`.
  Root: tyaj (class 1)

Note: Object within the clause stating the known truth.

सुदुष्करम् (suduṣkaram) - extremely difficult (very difficult, extremely hard)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of suduṣkara

suduṣkara - very difficult, extremely hard to do

Compound of `su` (very) and `duṣkara` (difficult). `duṣkara` is from `dus` (difficult) + `kṛ` (to do).

Compound type : avyayībhāva (su+duṣkara)

• su – good, well, very, easily
  indeclinable
  Prefix indicating 'good', 'well', 'very'.
• duṣkara – difficult to perform, hard to do
  adjective (neuter)
  Gerundive/Kṛtya suffix
  From `dus` (difficult) + root `kṛ` (to do) + `khaL` suffix.
  Prefix: dus
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Predicate accusative modifying `prāṇatyāgam`.