योगवासिष्ठः yogavāsiṣṭhaḥ - book-1, chapter-12, verse-21

शाम्यतीदं कथं दुःखमिति तप्तोऽस्मि चिन्तया ।
जरद्द्रुम इवोग्रेण कोटरस्थेन वह्निना ॥ २१ ॥

śāmyatīdaṃ kathaṃ duḥkhamiti tapto'smi cintayā ,
jaraddruma ivogreṇa koṭarasthena vahninā 21

21. śāmyati idam katham duḥkham iti taptaḥ asmi cintayā
jarat-drumaḥ iva ugreṇa koṭara-sthena vahninā

21. I am tormented by the thought, 'How will this suffering subside?', much like an old tree is by a fierce fire residing within its hollow.

Words meanings summery:

• शाम्यति (śāmyati) - How will this sorrow cease to be? (it subsides, it calms down, it is extinguished)

• इदम् (idam) - Refers to the "duḥkham" (suffering) mentioned. (this, this one)

• कथम् (katham) - Expressing a question about the method or possibility of cessation. (how? in what manner?)

• दुःखम् (duḥkham) - The central issue causing the speaker's torment. (suffering, pain, sorrow, misery)

• इति (iti) - Marks the end of a direct quote or thought. (thus, so, in this manner)

• तप्तः (taptaḥ) - The speaker is afflicted by worry. (tormented, heated, distressed, afflicted)

• अस्मि (asmi) - First person singular verb 'to be'. (I am)

• चिन्तया (cintayā) - The cause of the speaker's torment. (by worry, by thought, by concern)

• जरत्-द्रुमः (jarat-drumaḥ) - The object of comparison, an old tree vulnerable to inner fire. (old tree, decaying tree)

• इव (iva) - Introduces the simile comparing the speaker to an old tree. (like, as, as if)

• उग्रेण (ugreṇa) - Describes the destructive nature of the fire. (by fierce, by terrible, by intense)

• कोटर-स्थेन (koṭara-sthena) - Describes the location of the fire (within the tree). (by that residing in a hollow, by that staying in a cavity)

• वह्निना (vahninā) - The agent causing the torment, in the simile. (by fire)

Words meanings and morphology

शाम्यति (śāmyati) - How will this sorrow cease to be? (it subsides, it calms down, it is extinguished)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of śam

Present tense, 4th class verb (śyAn-vikaraṇa).

Root: śam (class 4)

इदम् (idam) - Refers to the "duḥkham" (suffering) mentioned. (this, this one)

(pronoun)

neuter, singular of idam

idam - this, this one

कथम् (katham) - Expressing a question about the method or possibility of cessation. (how? in what manner?)

(indeclinable)

दुःखम् (duḥkham) - The central issue causing the speaker's torment. (suffering, pain, sorrow, misery)

(noun)

neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - suffering, pain, sorrow, misery, uneasiness

Compound dus + kha.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (dus+kha)

• dus – bad, difficult, ill-
  indeclinable
• kha – space, sky, aperture, zero
  noun (neuter)

इति (iti) - Marks the end of a direct quote or thought. (thus, so, in this manner)

(indeclinable)

तप्तः (taptaḥ) - The speaker is afflicted by worry. (tormented, heated, distressed, afflicted)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tapta

tapta - heated, burning, tormented, distressed

Past Passive Participle

From root tap.

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Predicate adjective for asmi.

अस्मि (asmi) - First person singular verb 'to be'. (I am)

(verb)

1st person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of as

Present tense, 2nd class verb.

Root: as (class 2)

चिन्तया (cintayā) - The cause of the speaker's torment. (by worry, by thought, by concern)

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, singular of cintā

cintā - thought, reflection, worry, anxiety, concern

From root cit.

Root: cit (class 1)

जरत्-द्रुमः (jarat-drumaḥ) - The object of comparison, an old tree vulnerable to inner fire. (old tree, decaying tree)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of jarat-druma

jarat-druma - old tree, decaying tree

Compound jarat (decaying/old) + druma (tree).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (jarat+druma)

• jarat – decaying, growing old, infirm
  adjective
  Present Active Participle
  From root jṝ.
  Root: jṝ (class 1)
• druma – tree
  noun (masculine)

इव (iva) - Introduces the simile comparing the speaker to an old tree. (like, as, as if)

(indeclinable)

उग्रेण (ugreṇa) - Describes the destructive nature of the fire. (by fierce, by terrible, by intense)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of ugra

ugra - fierce, terrible, mighty, intense, violent

कोटर-स्थेन (koṭara-sthena) - Describes the location of the fire (within the tree). (by that residing in a hollow, by that staying in a cavity)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of koṭara-stha

koṭara-stha - residing in a hollow, staying in a cavity

Compound koṭara (hollow) + stha (standing/residing).

Compound type : tatpurusha (koṭara+stha)

• koṭara – hollow, cavity (of a tree), hole
  noun (neuter)
• stha – standing, staying, situated, residing
  adjective
  Derived from root sthā.
  Root: sthā (class 1)

वह्निना (vahninā) - The agent causing the torment, in the simile. (by fire)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of vahni

vahni - fire, Agni (god of fire)

From root vah.

Root: vah (class 1)