वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-6, chapter-93, verse-19

स्थलनिम्नानि भूमेश्च समानि विषमाणि च ।
युद्धकालश्च विज्ञेयः परस्यान्तरदर्शनम् ॥१९॥

19. sthalanimnāni bhūmeśca samāni viṣamāṇi ca ,
yuddhakālaśca vijñeyaḥ parasyāntaradarśanam.

19. sthalanimnāni bhūmeḥ ca samāni viṣamāṇi ca
yuddhakālaḥ ca vijñeyaḥ parasya antara darśanam

19. bhūmeḥ sthalanimnāni samāni ca viṣamāṇi ca (vijñeyāni).
Yuddhakālaḥ ca vijñeyaḥ,
parasya antara darśanam ca (vijñeyam).

19. And the high and low grounds of the land, both level and uneven, should be known. The proper time for battle should also be ascertained, along with discerning the enemy's vulnerable points.

Words meanings summery:

• स्थलनिम्नानि (sthalanimnāni) - the elevated and depressed areas of the ground (high and low grounds, plains and depressions)

• भूमेः (bhūmeḥ) - of the land (of the earth, of the ground)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• समानि (samāni) - level (parts of the ground) (even, level, equal, similar)

• विषमाणि (viṣamāṇi) - uneven (parts of the ground) (uneven, rough, difficult, unequal)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• युद्धकालः (yuddhakālaḥ) - the proper time for battle (time of battle, war-time)

• च (ca) - also (and, also)

• विज्ञेयः (vijñeyaḥ) - should be ascertained (should be known, is to be ascertained)

• परस्य (parasya) - of the enemy (of the other, of the enemy, of the opponent)

• अन्तर (antara) - vulnerable point (interval, difference, vulnerable point, inner part, opportunity)

• दर्शनम् (darśanam) - discerning, identifying (seeing, perceiving, discerning, showing, view)

Words meanings and morphology

स्थलनिम्नानि (sthalanimnāni) - the elevated and depressed areas of the ground (high and low grounds, plains and depressions)

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of sthalanimna

sthalanimna - high and low ground

Dvandva compound of sthala (high ground) and nimna (low ground)

Compound type : dvandva (sthala+nimna)

• sthala – dry ground, high ground, place
  noun (neuter)
  Root: sthal (class 1)
• nimna – low, deep, depressed ground
  adjective (neuter)
  From ni-√nam (to bend down)
  Prefix: ni
  Root: nam (class 1)

Note: Null verb implied 'should be known'.

भूमेः (bhūmeḥ) - of the land (of the earth, of the ground)

(noun)

Genitive, feminine, singular of bhūmi

bhūmi - earth, ground, land, soil

Note: Qualifies sthalanimnāni.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

समानि (samāni) - level (parts of the ground) (even, level, equal, similar)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, plural of sama

sama - even, level, equal, same

Note: Refers to parts of the ground.

विषमाणि (viṣamāṇi) - uneven (parts of the ground) (uneven, rough, difficult, unequal)

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, plural of viṣama

viṣama - uneven, rough, difficult, unequal

Compound of vi + sama (uneven)

Compound type : prādi-tatpuruṣa (vi+sama)

• vi – apart, dis-
  indeclinable
  Prefix
• sama – even, level, equal
  adjective (masculine)

Note: Refers to parts of the ground.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

युद्धकालः (yuddhakālaḥ) - the proper time for battle (time of battle, war-time)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of yuddhakāla

yuddhakāla - time of battle

Tatpuruṣa compound: yuddha (battle) + kāla (time)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (yuddha+kāla)

• yuddha – battle, war, fight
  noun (neuter)
  From √yudh (to fight)
  Root: yudh (class 4)
• kāla – time, period
  noun (masculine)

Note: Null verb implied 'should be known'.

च (ca) - also (and, also)

(indeclinable)

विज्ञेयः (vijñeyaḥ) - should be ascertained (should be known, is to be ascertained)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vijñeya

vijñeya - knowable, to be known, to be ascertained

Gerundive

Gerundive of vi-√jñā (to know, to ascertain)

Prefix: vi

Root: jñā (class 9)

परस्य (parasya) - of the enemy (of the other, of the enemy, of the opponent)

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of para

para - other, different, enemy, opponent

Demonstrative/indefinite pronoun, also used as noun

Note: Qualifies antara darśanam.

अन्तर (antara) - vulnerable point (interval, difference, vulnerable point, inner part, opportunity)

(noun)

neuter, singular of antara

antara - interval, interior, space between, difference, vulnerable point

Note: In compound 'antaradarśanam' or as independent noun.

दर्शनम् (darśanam) - discerning, identifying (seeing, perceiving, discerning, showing, view)

(noun)

neuter, singular of darśana

darśana - seeing, viewing, perception, discernment

From √dṛś (to see)

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Often used as 'discerning' or 'identifying' in strategic contexts.