वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-5, chapter-66, verse-8

कथं नु खलु दुष्पारं तरिष्यन्ति महोदधिम् ।
तानि हर्यृक्षसैन्यानि तौ वा नरवरात्मजौ ॥८॥

8. kathaṃ nu khalu duṣpāraṃ tariṣyanti mahodadhim ,
tāni haryṛkṣasainyāni tau vā naravarātmajau.

8. katham nu khalu duṣpāram tariṣyanti mahodadhim
tāni haryṛkṣasainyāni tau vā naravarātmajau

8. katham nu khalu tāni haryṛkṣasainyāni vā tau
naravarātmajau duṣpāram mahodadhim tariṣyanti

8. How, indeed, will those armies of monkeys and bears, or those two sons (ātmaja) of the best of men, cross the formidable great ocean?

Words meanings summery:

• कथम् (katham) - how (how?, in what manner?)

• नु (nu) - indeed (indeed, now, pray)

• खलु (khalu) - indeed (indeed, surely, as is well known)

• दुष्पारम् (duṣpāram) - formidable (difficult to cross, impassable)

• तरिष्यन्ति (tariṣyanti) - will cross (they will cross)

• महोदधिम् (mahodadhim) - the great ocean

• तानि (tāni) - those

• हर्यृक्षसैन्यानि (haryṛkṣasainyāni) - armies of monkeys and bears

• तौ (tau) - those two

• वा (vā) - or (or, either)

• नरवरात्मजौ (naravarātmajau) - those two sons (ātmaja) of the best of men (two sons of the best of men)

Words meanings and morphology

कथम् (katham) - how (how?, in what manner?)

(indeclinable)

Note: Interrogative adverb.

नु (nu) - indeed (indeed, now, pray)

(indeclinable)

खलु (khalu) - indeed (indeed, surely, as is well known)

(indeclinable)

दुष्पारम् (duṣpāram) - formidable (difficult to cross, impassable)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of duṣpāra

duṣpāra - difficult to cross or pass, impassable, inaccessible

Compound: dus (difficult) + pāra (crossing, shore)

Compound type : tatpurusha (dus+pāra)

• dus – bad, difficult, ill
  indeclinable
• pāra – crossing, passing over, opposite bank, shore
  noun (masculine)
  From √pṛ (to cross, to fill)
  Root: pṛ (class 3)

Note: Qualifies 'mahodadhim'.

तरिष्यन्ति (tariṣyanti) - will cross (they will cross)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, future (lṛṭ) of tṛ

Root: tṛ (class 1)

महोदधिम् (mahodadhim) - the great ocean

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of mahodadhi

mahodadhi - great ocean, vast sea

Compound: mahā (great) + udadhi (ocean)

Compound type : karmadhāraya (mahā+udadhi)

• mahā – great, large, mighty
  adjective (feminine)
• udadhi – ocean, sea, reservoir
  noun (masculine)
  From ud-√dhā (to hold, to contain)
  Prefix: ud
  Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Object of 'tariṣyanti'.

तानि (tāni) - those

(pronoun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Qualifies 'haryṛkṣasainyāni'.

हर्यृक्षसैन्यानि (haryṛkṣasainyāni) - armies of monkeys and bears

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, plural of haryṛkṣasainya

haryṛkṣasainya - army of monkeys and bears

Compound: hari (monkey) + ṛkṣa (bear) + sainya (army)

Compound type : dvandva-tatpurusha (hari+ṛkṣa+sainya)

• hari – monkey, tawny, lion
  noun (masculine)
• ṛkṣa – bear, star
  noun (masculine)
• sainya – army, host, military
  noun (neuter)
  From senā (army) + ṇya (taddhita suffix)

Note: Subject of 'tariṣyanti'.

तौ (tau) - those two

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Qualifies 'naravarātmajau'.

वा (vā) - or (or, either)

(indeclinable)

Note: Connects 'haryṛkṣasainyāni' and 'naravarātmajau'.

नरवरात्मजौ (naravarātmajau) - those two sons (ātmaja) of the best of men (two sons of the best of men)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of naravarātmaja

naravarātmaja - son of a chief among men, son of the best of men

Compound: nara-vara (best of men) + ātmaja (son)

Compound type : tatpurusha (nara+vara+ātmaja)

• nara – man, human being
  noun (masculine)
• vara – best, excellent, choice, boon
  adjective (masculine)
• ātmaja – son, born of oneself
  noun (masculine)
  From ātman (self) + ja (born)
  Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Subject of 'tariṣyanti'. Refers to Rama and Lakshmana, sons of Dasharatha, the best of men.

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