वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-5, chapter-18, verse-1

स तां परिवृतां दीनां निरानन्दां तपस्विनीम् ।
साकारैर्मधुरैर्वाक्यैर्न्यदर्शयत रावणः ॥१॥

1. sa tāṃ parivṛtāṃ dīnāṃ nirānandāṃ tapasvinīm ,
sākārairmadhurairvākyairnyadarśayata rāvaṇaḥ.

1. sa tām parivṛtām dīnām nirānandām tapasvinīm
sākāraiḥ madhuraiḥ vākyaiḥ nyadarśayata rāvaṇaḥ

1. saḥ rāvaṇaḥ tām parivṛtām dīnām nirānandām
tapasvinīm sākāraiḥ madhuraiḥ vākyaiḥ nyadarśayata

1. Rāvaṇa then addressed her, who was surrounded, distressed, joyless, and austere, with significant and sweet words.

Words meanings summery:

• स (sa) - he (Rāvaṇa) (he, that)

• ताम् (tām) - her (Sītā) (her, that (feminine accusative))

• परिवृताम् (parivṛtām) - surrounded (by Rākṣasīs) (surrounded, encompassed, covered)

• दीनाम् (dīnām) - distressed (distressed, miserable, sad, weak)

• निरानन्दाम् (nirānandām) - joyless (joyless, without happiness, unhappy)

• तपस्विनीम् (tapasvinīm) - austere (due to suffering and vows) (austere, pious, ascetic woman, female hermit)

• साकारैः (sākāraiḥ) - significant, meaningful (having form, significant, intentional, meaningful)

• मधुरैः (madhuraiḥ) - sweet, pleasant (sweet, pleasant, charming)

• वाक्यैः (vākyaiḥ) - by words, by speeches (by words, by speeches, by statements)

• न्यदर्शयत (nyadarśayata) - he addressed, he spoke (with words as instrument) (he showed, he displayed, he made visible, he addressed (causative))

• रावणः (rāvaṇaḥ) - Rāvaṇa (Rāvaṇa (name of the Rākṣasa king))

Words meanings and morphology

स (sa) - he (Rāvaṇa) (he, that)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to Rāvaṇa.

ताम् (tām) - her (Sītā) (her, that (feminine accusative))

(pronoun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Refers to Sītā.

परिवृताम् (parivṛtām) - surrounded (by Rākṣasīs) (surrounded, encompassed, covered)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of parivṛta

parivṛta - surrounded, encompassed, covered

Past Passive Participle

Derived from √vṛ 'to cover, choose' with prefix pari-.

Prefix: pari

Root: vṛ (class 5)

Note: Adjective modifying Sītā (tām).

दीनाम् (dīnām) - distressed (distressed, miserable, sad, weak)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of dīna

dīna - distressed, miserable, sad, weak, poor

From root √dī 'to pine, be sad'.

Root: dī (class 4)

Note: Adjective modifying Sītā (tām).

निरानन्दाम् (nirānandām) - joyless (joyless, without happiness, unhappy)

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of nirānanda

nirānanda - joyless, without happiness, unhappy

Negative compound with nir- and ānanda.

Compound type : bahuvrihi (nis+ānanda)

• nis – out, forth, without, negation
  indeclinable
• ānanda – joy, happiness, bliss
  noun (masculine)
  From ā-√nand 'to rejoice'.
  Prefix: ā
  Root: nand (class 1)

Note: Adjective modifying Sītā (tām).

तपस्विनीम् (tapasvinīm) - austere (due to suffering and vows) (austere, pious, ascetic woman, female hermit)

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of tapasvinī

tapasvinī - austere woman, pious woman, female ascetic, female hermit

Feminine form of tapasvin, 'one who practices tapas (austerity)'.

Note: Adjective/noun modifying Sītā (tām).

साकारैः (sākāraiḥ) - significant, meaningful (having form, significant, intentional, meaningful)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of sākāra

sākāra - having form, significant, intentional, meaningful

Compound of sa- 'with' and ākāra 'form, sign, intention'.

Compound type : bahuvrihi (sa+ākāra)

• sa – with, together with
  indeclinable
• ākāra – form, shape, appearance, sign, intention
  noun (masculine)
  From ā-√kṛ 'to do, make'.
  Prefix: ā
  Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Modifies vākyaiḥ.

मधुरैः (madhuraiḥ) - sweet, pleasant (sweet, pleasant, charming)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of madhura

madhura - sweet, pleasant, charming, melodious

Note: Modifies vākyaiḥ.

वाक्यैः (vākyaiḥ) - by words, by speeches (by words, by speeches, by statements)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of vākya

vākya - word, speech, sentence, statement

From vac 'to speak'.

Root: vac (class 2)

Note: Instrument of the action 'addressed'.

न्यदर्शयत (nyadarśayata) - he addressed, he spoke (with words as instrument) (he showed, he displayed, he made visible, he addressed (causative))

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, past imperfect (laṅ) of darśaya

Causative stem

Causative of √dṛś 'to see', with prefix ni.

Prefix: ni

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Middle voice for action done for oneself, or simply standard usage. Here implies 'presented himself' or 'presented his words'.

रावणः (rāvaṇaḥ) - Rāvaṇa (Rāvaṇa (name of the Rākṣasa king))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rāvaṇa

rāvaṇa - Rāvaṇa (king of Laṅkā)

Note: Subject of the sentence.

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