वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-1, chapter-62, verse-23

धर्मे पञ्चतपा भूत्वा वर्षास्वाकाशसंश्रयः ।
शिशिरे सलिलस्थायी रात्र्यहानि तपोधनः ॥२३॥

23. dharme pañcatapā bhūtvā varṣāsvākāśasaṃśrayaḥ ,
śiśire salilasthāyī rātryahāni tapodhanaḥ.

23. dharme pañcatapāḥ bhūtvā varṣāsu ākāśasaṃśrayaḥ
śiśire salilasthāyī rātryahāni tapodhanaḥ

23. During summer, he practiced the 'five-fire austerity' (pañcatapāḥ); in the rainy season, he sought shelter only from the sky; and in winter, he stood in water day and night, demonstrating that asceticism (tapas) was his true wealth.

Words meanings summery:

• धर्मे (dharme) - in the proper season (summer) (in natural law, in duty, in virtue, in summer)

• पञ्चतपाः (pañcatapāḥ) - a 'five-fire ascetic' (a severe form of asceticism involving five fires) (practicing the five austerities, five-fire ascetic)

• भूत्वा (bhūtvā) - having become, in being (having become, being)

• वर्षासु (varṣāsu) - in the rainy season (in the rainy seasons)

• आकाशसंश्रयः (ākāśasaṁśrayaḥ) - relying on the sky (i.e., unsheltered) (dwelling in the sky, taking refuge in the sky)

• शिशिरे (śiśire) - in winter

• सलिलस्थायी (salilasthāyī) - standing in water (standing in water, abiding in water)

• रात्र्यहानि (rātryahāni) - day and night (nights and days, day and night)

• तपोधनः (tapodhanaḥ) - whose wealth is asceticism (tapas) (whose wealth is austerity, rich in asceticism)

Words meanings and morphology

धर्मे (dharme) - in the proper season (summer) (in natural law, in duty, in virtue, in summer)

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of dharma

dharma - natural law, intrinsic nature, constitution, duty, virtue, righteousness, religion, custom, quality, summer (in specific contexts)

From root √dhṛ (to hold, support)

Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Refers to the appropriate season for this specific penance.

पञ्चतपाः (pañcatapāḥ) - a 'five-fire ascetic' (a severe form of asceticism involving five fires) (practicing the five austerities, five-fire ascetic)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of pañcatapas

pañcatapas - the five austerities, the five-fire ascetic (surrounded by four fires and the sun as the fifth)

pañca (five) + tapas (austerity)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (pañcan+tapas)

• pañcan – five
  numeral
• tapas – asceticism, austerity, heat
  noun (neuter)
  From root √tap
  Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Predicative adjective for the implied subject (Vishvamitra).

भूत्वा (bhūtvā) - having become, in being (having become, being)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root √bhū (to be, become) + suffix -tvā

Root: bhū (class 1)

वर्षासु (varṣāsu) - in the rainy season (in the rainy seasons)

(noun)

Locative, feminine, plural of varṣā

varṣā - rain, rainy season

From root √vṛṣ (to rain)

Root: vṛṣ (class 1)

Note: Indicates the time.

आकाशसंश्रयः (ākāśasaṁśrayaḥ) - relying on the sky (i.e., unsheltered) (dwelling in the sky, taking refuge in the sky)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ākāśasaṃśraya

ākāśasaṁśraya - dependent on the sky, dwelling in the open air, unsheltered

ākāśa (sky) + saṃśraya (shelter, dependence)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (ākāśa+saṃśraya)

• ākāśa – sky, space, ether
  noun (masculine)
  ā + √kāś (to shine)
  Prefix: ā
  Root: kāś (class 1)
• saṃśraya – refuge, shelter, dwelling, dependence
  noun (masculine)
  sam + √śri (to resort to)
  Prefix: sam
  Root: śri (class 1)

Note: Describes Vishvamitra.

शिशिरे (śiśire) - in winter

(noun)

Locative, masculine, singular of śiśira

śiśira - cold, cool, winter, cold season

Root: śī

Note: Indicates the time.

सलिलस्थायी (salilasthāyī) - standing in water (standing in water, abiding in water)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of salilasthāyin

salilasthāyin - standing in water, abiding in water (as a penance)

Agent noun (or adjective with suffix -in)

salila (water) + sthāyin (standing, abiding)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (salila+sthāyin)

• salila – water
  noun (neuter)
  Root: sal (class 1)
• sthāyin – standing, staying, abiding, permanent
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun from √sthā
  From root √sthā (to stand) + suffix -in
  Root: sthā (class 1)

Note: Describes Vishvamitra.

रात्र्यहानि (rātryahāni) - day and night (nights and days, day and night)

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, plural of rātryahan

rātryahan - nights and days, day and night

rātri (night) + ahan (day)

Compound type : dvandva (rātri+ahan)

• rātri – night
  noun (feminine)
  Root: rā
• ahan – day
  noun (neuter)

Note: Indicates duration (accusative of time).

तपोधनः (tapodhanaḥ) - whose wealth is asceticism (tapas) (whose wealth is austerity, rich in asceticism)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tapodhana

tapodhana - whose wealth is asceticism, rich in penance

tapas (austerity) + dhana (wealth)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (tapas+dhana)

• tapas – austerity, asceticism, heat
  noun (neuter)
  From root √tap
  Root: tap (class 1)
• dhana – wealth, riches, property
  noun (neuter)
  From root √dhā (to place, hold)
  Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Predicative adjective for the implied subject (Vishvamitra).