महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-177, verse-38

आकाशजं शब्दमाहुरेभिर्वायुगुणैः सह ।
अव्याहतैश्चेतयते न वेत्ति विषमागतैः ॥३८॥

38. ākāśajaṁ śabdamāhurebhirvāyuguṇaiḥ saha ,
avyāhataiścetayate na vetti viṣamāgataiḥ.

38. ākāśajam śabdam āhuḥ ebhiḥ vāyuguṇaiḥ saha
avyāhataiḥ cetayate na vetti viṣamāgataiḥ

38. ākāśajam śabdam ebhiḥ vāyuguṇaiḥ saha āhuḥ avyāhataiḥ
(guṇaiḥ) cetayate viṣamāgataiḥ (guṇaiḥ) na vetti

38. They declare sound (śabda) to be born from space (ākāśa), accompanied by these qualities of air. One perceives it when these qualities are unimpeded, but does not discern it when they are unevenly manifested.

Words meanings summery:

• आकाशजम् (ākāśajam) - born from space (ākāśa) (born from space, spatial)

• शब्दम् (śabdam) - sound (sound, word)

• आहुः (āhuḥ) - they declare/call (they say, they declare, they call)

• एभिः (ebhiḥ) - with these (qualities) (with these, by these)

• वायुगुणैः (vāyuguṇaiḥ) - accompanied by the qualities of air (with the qualities of air)

• सह (saha) - along with (with, together with, along with)

• अव्याहतैः (avyāhataiḥ) - unimpeded (qualities) (unimpeded, undisturbed, unhindered)

• चेतयते (cetayate) - one perceives/becomes aware (one perceives, becomes aware, recognizes)

• न (na) - not (not, no)

• वेत्ति (vetti) - does not discern/perceive (knows, perceives, understands)

• विषमागतैः (viṣamāgataiḥ) - when (qualities are) unevenly manifested/disturbing (arrived unevenly, come irregularly)

Words meanings and morphology

आकाशजम् (ākāśajam) - born from space (ākāśa) (born from space, spatial)

(adjective)

Accusative, neuter, singular of ākāśaja

ākāśaja - born or produced from space, spatial

Tatpuruṣa compound 'ākāśa' (space) + 'ja' (born/produced)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ākāśa+ja)

• ākāśa – space, ether, sky, the element of space
  noun (masculine/neuter)
  From root 'kāś' (to appear, shine forth) with prefix 'ā'
  Prefix: ā
  Root: kāś (class 1)
• ja – born, produced from
  suffix/adjective (masculine/feminine/neuter)
  From root 'jan' (to be born)
  Root: jan (class 4)

शब्दम् (śabdam) - sound (sound, word)

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of śabda

śabda - sound, noise, word, voice, language

From root 'śabd' (to make a sound)

Root: śabd (class 10)

Note: Object of 'āhuḥ'

आहुः (āhuḥ) - they declare/call (they say, they declare, they call)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (present sense) (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Tense, 3rd Person Plural (used with present meaning)

Irregular perfect form of the root 'vac' (or 'ah' related to 'brū')

Root: vac (class 2)

एभिः (ebhiḥ) - with these (qualities) (with these, by these)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine/neuter, plural of idam

idam - this, these

Pronominal stem

Note: Agrees with 'vāyuguṇaiḥ'

वायुगुणैः (vāyuguṇaiḥ) - accompanied by the qualities of air (with the qualities of air)

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of vāyuguṇa

vāyuguṇa - quality of air, characteristic of wind

Tatpuruṣa compound 'vāyu' (air) + 'guṇa' (quality)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (vāyu+guṇa)

• vāyu – wind, air, the element of air
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'vā' (to blow)
  Root: vā (class 2)
• guṇa – quality, attribute, property
  noun (masculine)

Note: Used with 'saha'

सह (saha) - along with (with, together with, along with)

(indeclinable)

Preposition/Adverb; takes instrumental case

अव्याहतैः (avyāhataiḥ) - unimpeded (qualities) (unimpeded, undisturbed, unhindered)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine/neuter, plural of avyāhata

avyāhata - uninterrupted, unimpeded, undisturbed, unhindered

Past Passive Participle (negative)

Negation ('a-') of 'vyāhata' (interrupted, impeded), which is from 'vi-ā-han' (to strike, hinder)

Prefixes: a+vi+ā

Root: han (class 2)

Note: Implied subject 'guṇaiḥ'

चेतयते (cetayate) - one perceives/becomes aware (one perceives, becomes aware, recognizes)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of cit

Present Tense, 3rd Person Singular (causative/denominal stem)

From the causative stem 'cetaya' of root 'cit' (to perceive)

Root: cit (class 10)

Note: Subject is implied 'one' or 'the hearer'

न (na) - not (not, no)

(indeclinable)

Negative particle

वेत्ति (vetti) - does not discern/perceive (knows, perceives, understands)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of vid

Present Tense, 3rd Person Singular

From root 'vid'

Root: vid (class 2)

Note: Subject is implied 'one' or 'the hearer'

विषमागतैः (viṣamāgataiḥ) - when (qualities are) unevenly manifested/disturbing (arrived unevenly, come irregularly)

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine/neuter, plural of viṣamāgata

viṣamāgata - arrived unevenly, come irregularly, distorted

Past Passive Participle (compound)

Compound 'viṣama' (uneven, difficult) + 'āgata' (arrived, come), where 'āgata' is from 'ā-gam' (to come)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (viṣama+āgata)

• viṣama – uneven, irregular, difficult, bad
  adjective (masculine/feminine/neuter)
• āgata – arrived, come, obtained
  adjective (masculine/feminine/neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From 'ā-gam' (to come)
  Prefix: ā
  Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Implied subject 'guṇaiḥ'