महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-12, chapter-177, verse-30

रसो बहुविधः प्रोक्तः सूरिभिः प्रथितात्मभिः ।
मधुरो लवणस्तिक्तः कषायोऽम्लः कटुस्तथा ।
एष षड्विधविस्तारो रसो वारिमयः स्मृतः ॥३०॥

30. raso bahuvidhaḥ proktaḥ sūribhiḥ prathitātmabhiḥ ,
madhuro lavaṇastiktaḥ kaṣāyo'mlaḥ kaṭustathā ,
eṣa ṣaḍvidhavistāro raso vārimayaḥ smṛtaḥ.

30. rasaḥ bahuvidhaḥ proktaḥ sūribhiḥ
prathitātmabhiḥ madhuraḥ lavaṇaḥ tiktaḥ
kaṣāyaḥ amlaḥ kaṭuḥ tathā eṣaḥ
ṣaḍvidhavistāraḥ rasaḥ vārimayaḥ smṛtaḥ

30. prathitātmabhiḥ sūribhiḥ rasaḥ bahuvidhaḥ
proktaḥ madhuraḥ lavaṇaḥ tiktaḥ
kaṣāyaḥ amlaḥ kaṭuḥ tathā eṣaḥ
ṣaḍvidhavistāraḥ rasaḥ vārimayaḥ smṛtaḥ

30. Taste (rasa) is declared by renowned sages to be of many kinds. This comprehensive six-fold classification of taste—sweet, salty, bitter, astringent, sour, and pungent—is regarded as aqueous (vārimaya).

Words meanings summery:

• रसः (rasaḥ) - taste, flavor, juice, essence

• बहुविधः (bahuvidhaḥ) - of many kinds, manifold

• प्रोक्तः (proktaḥ) - declared, said, stated

• सूरिभिः (sūribhiḥ) - by the wise, by scholars, by sages

• प्रथितात्मभिः (prathitātmabhiḥ) - by renowned souls, by those whose selves are famous

• मधुरः (madhuraḥ) - sweet

• लवणः (lavaṇaḥ) - salty

• तिक्तः (tiktaḥ) - bitter, pungent

• कषायः (kaṣāyaḥ) - astringent, acrid, dark red

• अम्लः (amlaḥ) - sour, acidic

• कटुः (kaṭuḥ) - pungent, acrid, sharp

• तथा (tathā) - thus, so, and so, also

• एषः (eṣaḥ) - Refers to the preceding list of six tastes. (this, this one)

• षड्विधविस्तारः (ṣaḍvidhavistāraḥ) - The six categories of taste. (six-fold expansion, detailed enumeration of six kinds)

• रसः (rasaḥ) - taste, flavor

• वारिमयः (vārimayaḥ) - Referring to the elemental water (Ap). (consisting of water, watery, aqueous)

• स्मृतः (smṛtaḥ) - remembered, considered, declared, traditionally known

Words meanings and morphology

रसः (rasaḥ) - taste, flavor, juice, essence

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rasa

rasa - taste, juice, essence, fluid, sap, emotion

From root ras (to taste, feel, roar).

Root: ras (class 1)

Note: Subject of 'proktaḥ'.

बहुविधः (bahuvidhaḥ) - of many kinds, manifold

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of bahuvidha

bahuvidha - of many kinds, manifold, various

Compound of 'bahu' (many) and 'vidha' (kind, sort).

Compound type : karmadhāraya (bahu+vidha)

• bahu – many, much, abundant
  adjective
• vidha – kind, sort, manner
  noun (masculine)
  From root dhā (to place, hold, make) with prefix vi.
  Prefix: vi
  Root: dhā (class 3)

Note: Predicative adjective for 'rasaḥ'.

प्रोक्तः (proktaḥ) - declared, said, stated

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prokta

prokta - declared, said, stated, pronounced

Past Passive Participle

PPP of root vac (to speak) with prefix pra. Root vac undergoes changes to ukta.

Prefix: pra

Root: vac (class 2)

सूरिभिः (sūribhiḥ) - by the wise, by scholars, by sages

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of sūri

sūri - wise man, sage, scholar, learned person

Note: Agent of 'proktaḥ'.

प्रथितात्मभिः (prathitātmabhiḥ) - by renowned souls, by those whose selves are famous

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of prathitātman

prathitātman - one whose soul/self is renowned, famous

Bahuvrīhi compound of 'prathita' (renowned) and 'ātman' (self, soul).

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (prathita+ātman)

• prathita – renowned, famous, spread, manifested
  adjective
  Past Passive Participle
  PPP of root prath (to spread, extend, become famous).
  Root: prath (class 1)
• ātman – self (ātman), soul, spirit, essential nature
  noun (masculine)

Note: Modifies 'sūribhiḥ'.

मधुरः (madhuraḥ) - sweet

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of madhura

madhura - sweet, pleasant, delightful

From madhu (honey, sweet).

Note: Refers to 'rasaḥ'.

लवणः (lavaṇaḥ) - salty

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of lavaṇa

lavaṇa - salty, salt

From lu (to cut), but more commonly associated with salt.

Note: Refers to 'rasaḥ'.

तिक्तः (tiktaḥ) - bitter, pungent

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of tikta

tikta - bitter, pungent, sharp

Past Passive Participle

PPP of root tij (to be sharp).

Root: tij (class 6)

Note: Refers to 'rasaḥ'.

कषायः (kaṣāyaḥ) - astringent, acrid, dark red

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kaṣāya

kaṣāya - astringent, acrid, styptic, brown, red

From root kaṣ (to rub, scratch).

Root: kaṣ (class 1)

Note: Refers to 'rasaḥ'.

अम्लः (amlaḥ) - sour, acidic

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of amla

amla - sour, acidic

From root aml (to be sour).

Root: aml (class 1)

Note: Refers to 'rasaḥ'.

कटुः (kaṭuḥ) - pungent, acrid, sharp

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kaṭu

kaṭu - pungent, acrid, sharp, bitter, severe

Note: Refers to 'rasaḥ'.

तथा (tathā) - thus, so, and so, also

(indeclinable)

Adverb of manner.

एषः (eṣaḥ) - Refers to the preceding list of six tastes. (this, this one)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of etas

etas - this, this one

Demonstrative pronoun.

Note: Subject.

षड्विधविस्तारः (ṣaḍvidhavistāraḥ) - The six categories of taste. (six-fold expansion, detailed enumeration of six kinds)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ṣaḍvidhavistāra

ṣaḍvidhavistāra - six-fold expansion, detailed enumeration of six kinds

Compound of 'ṣaṭ' (six), 'vidha' (kind), and 'vistāra' (extension).

Compound type : dvigu (ṣaḍvidha+vistāra)

• ṣaḍvidha – six-fold, of six kinds
  adjective
  Compound of 'ṣaṭ' (six) and 'vidha' (kind).
• vistāra – extension, expanse, detail, extensive account
  noun (masculine)
  From vi-stṛ, to spread out, extend.
  Prefix: vi
  Root: stṛ (class 5)

Note: Subject, in apposition to 'rasaḥ'.

रसः (rasaḥ) - taste, flavor

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rasa

rasa - taste, juice, essence, fluid, sap, emotion

From root ras (to taste, feel, roar).

Root: ras (class 1)

Note: Subject of 'smṛtaḥ'.

वारिमयः (vārimayaḥ) - Referring to the elemental water (Ap). (consisting of water, watery, aqueous)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of vārimaya

vārimaya - consisting of water, watery, aqueous

Derived from 'vāri' (water) with suffix -maya (consisting of).

Note: Predicative adjective for 'rasaḥ'.

स्मृतः (smṛtaḥ) - remembered, considered, declared, traditionally known

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of smṛta

smṛta - remembered, known, considered, stated, traditional

Past Passive Participle

PPP of root smṛ (to remember).

Root: smṛ (class 1)

Note: Predicative adjective for 'rasaḥ'.