महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-224, verse-4

कथं न्वशक्ता त्राणाय माता तेषां तपस्विनी ।
भविष्यत्यसुखाविष्टा पुत्रत्राणमपश्यती ॥४॥

4. kathaṁ nvaśaktā trāṇāya mātā teṣāṁ tapasvinī ,
bhaviṣyatyasukhāviṣṭā putratrāṇamapaśyatī.

4. kathaṃ nu aśaktā trāṇāya mātā teṣāṃ tapasvinī
bhaviṣyati asukha āviṣṭā putratrāṇam apaśyatī

4. How then will their miserable mother, helpless to protect them, become overwhelmed with sorrow, failing to see the rescue of her children?

Words meanings summery:

• कथं (kathaṁ) - how, in what manner, why

• नु (nu) - then, indeed, now, certainly

• अशक्ता (aśaktā) - unable, helpless, powerless

• त्राणाय (trāṇāya) - for protection, for rescue

• माता (mātā) - mother

• तेषां (teṣāṁ) - of them, their

• तपस्विनी (tapasvinī) - miserable (mother) (miserable, ascetic, poor)

• भविष्यति (bhaviṣyati) - will be, will become

• असुख (asukha) - sorrow (as part of 'overcome by sorrow') (sorrow, unhappiness, absence of joy)

• आविष्टा (āviṣṭā) - overcome (by sorrow) (overcome, entered into, pervaded, possessed)

• पुत्रत्राणम् (putratrāṇam) - children's protection, rescue of children

• अपश्यती (apaśyatī) - not seeing, failing to see

Words meanings and morphology

कथं (kathaṁ) - how, in what manner, why

(indeclinable)

नु (nu) - then, indeed, now, certainly

(indeclinable)

अशक्ता (aśaktā) - unable, helpless, powerless

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of aśakta

aśakta - unable, incapable, powerless, helpless

Compound: a (negation) + śakta (able).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+śakta)

• a – not, non-, un-
  indeclinable
• śakta – able, capable, powerful
  participle (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  Derived from the root śak (to be able).
  Root: śak (class 5)

त्राणाय (trāṇāya) - for protection, for rescue

(noun)

Dative, neuter, singular of trāṇa

trāṇa - protection, defence, rescue, saving

Derived from the root trā (to protect).

Root: trā (class 2)

माता (mātā) - mother

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of mātṛ

mātṛ - mother

तेषां (teṣāṁ) - of them, their

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Can also be neuter plural genitive.

तपस्विनी (tapasvinī) - miserable (mother) (miserable, ascetic, poor)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of tapasvin

tapasvin - performing austerity, ascetic; wretched, miserable, pitiable

Derived from tapas (austerity, penance) with the suffix -vin.

भविष्यति (bhaviṣyati) - will be, will become

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, future (lṛṭ) of bhū

Root: bhū (class 1)

असुख (asukha) - sorrow (as part of 'overcome by sorrow') (sorrow, unhappiness, absence of joy)

(noun)

neuter, singular of asukha

asukha - unhappiness, sorrow, misery; not happy

Compound: a (negation) + sukha (happiness).

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+sukha)

• a – not, non-, un-
  indeclinable
• sukha – happiness, joy, pleasure, comfort
  noun (neuter)

Note: Forms part of the compound asukhāviṣṭā.

आविष्टा (āviṣṭā) - overcome (by sorrow) (overcome, entered into, pervaded, possessed)

(participle)

Nominative, feminine, singular of āviṣṭa

āviṣṭa - entered, pervaded, possessed, overcome, seized

Past Passive Participle

Derived from the root viś (to enter) with prefix ā.

Prefix: ā

Root: viś (class 6)

पुत्रत्राणम् (putratrāṇam) - children's protection, rescue of children

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of putratrāṇa

putratrāṇa - protection of children

Compound: putra (child) + trāṇa (protection).

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (putra+trāṇa)

• putra – son, child
  noun (masculine)
• trāṇa – protection, rescue
  noun (neuter)
  Derived from the root trā (to protect).
  Root: trā (class 2)

अपश्यती (apaśyatī) - not seeing, failing to see

(participle)

Nominative, feminine, singular of apaśyat

apaśyat - not seeing, unseeing

Present Active Participle

Derived from the root dṛś (to see) with negative prefix a-.

Compound type : nañ-tatpuruṣa (a+paśyat)

• a – not, non-, un-
  indeclinable
• paśyat – seeing, observing
  participle (masculine)
  Present Active Participle
  Derived from the root dṛś (to see). The root dṛś changes to paśya in present tense forms.
  Root: dṛś (class 1)