महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-1, chapter-101, verse-14

शूलाग्रे तप्यमानेन तपस्तेन महात्मना ।
संतापं परमं जग्मुर्मुनयोऽथ परंतप ॥१४॥

14. śūlāgre tapyamānena tapastena mahātmanā ,
saṁtāpaṁ paramaṁ jagmurmunayo'tha paraṁtapa.

14. śūlāgre tapyamānena tapaḥ tena mahātmanā
saṃtāpam paramam jagmuḥ munayaḥ atha paraṃtapa

14. O scorcher of foes, by that great soul (mahātman) performing severe austerities (tapas) on the tip of a stake, the sages (munayaḥ) then experienced extreme distress.

Words meanings summery:

• शूलाग्रे (śūlāgre) - at the tip of a spear or stake

• तप्यमानेन (tapyamānena) - by one performing austerities, by one undergoing penance

• तपः (tapaḥ) - penance, austerity

• तेन (tena) - by him, by that

• महात्मना (mahātmanā) - by the great soul, by the magnanimous one

• संतापम् (saṁtāpam) - distress, torment, suffering

• परमम् (paramam) - supreme, extreme, highest

• जग्मुः (jagmuḥ) - they went, they reached, they attained

• मुनयः (munayaḥ) - sages, ascetics

• अथ (atha) - then, now, thereupon

• परंतप (paraṁtapa) - O scorcher of foes

Words meanings and morphology

शूलाग्रे (śūlāgre) - at the tip of a spear or stake

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of śūlāgra

śūlāgra - tip of a spear, point of a stake

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (śūla+agra)

• śūla – stake, spear, dart
  noun (neuter)
• agra – tip, point, front, summit
  noun (neuter)

तप्यमानेन (tapyamānena) - by one performing austerities, by one undergoing penance

(participle)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tapyamāna

tapyamāna - being tormented, performing austerities (middle voice)

Present Passive Participle

Derived from the root √tap (to heat, to torment, to perform austerities) with the suffix -māna, indicating a passive or middle voice present participle.

Root: tap (class 4)

तपः (tapaḥ) - penance, austerity

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - penance, austerity, spiritual fervor, heat

Note: Acts as the direct object of the action implied by the participle 'tapyamānena'.

तेन (tena) - by him, by that

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

महात्मना (mahātmanā) - by the great soul, by the magnanimous one

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of mahātman

mahātman - great soul, magnanimous, noble-minded (mahātman)

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (mahat+ātman)

• mahat – great, large, vast
  adjective
• ātman – self, soul, spirit, essence
  noun (masculine)

संतापम् (saṁtāpam) - distress, torment, suffering

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of saṃtāpa

saṁtāpa - great heat, distress, suffering, torment

Prefix: sam

Root: tap (class 1)

परमम् (paramam) - supreme, extreme, highest

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of parama

parama - highest, supreme, ultimate, excellent

Note: Modifies 'saṃtāpam'.

जग्मुः (jagmuḥ) - they went, they reached, they attained

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, perfect (lit) of gam

Root: gam (class 1)

मुनयः (munayaḥ) - sages, ascetics

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of muni

muni - sage, ascetic, inspired saint

अथ (atha) - then, now, thereupon

(indeclinable)

परंतप (paraṁtapa) - O scorcher of foes

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of paraṃtapa

paraṁtapa - scorcher of foes, tormentor of enemies (an epithet, often for kings or warriors)

Compound type : upapada tatpuruṣa (param+tapa)

• param – enemy, opponent, another
  noun (neuter)
• tapa – one who burns or torments
  noun (masculine)
  Agent Noun
  Derived from the root √tap (to burn, to torment).
  Root: tap (class 1)