वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-7, chapter-78, verse-16

तस्य दुःखं महत्त्वासीद्दृष्ट्वात्मानं तथा गतम् ।
उमापतेश्च तत् कर्म ज्ञात्वा त्रासमुपागमत् ॥१६॥

16. tasya duḥkhaṃ mahattvāsīddṛṣṭvātmānaṃ tathā gatam ,
umāpateśca tat karma jñātvā trāsamupāgamat.

16. tasya duḥkham mahat ca āsīt dṛṣṭvā ātmānam tathā
gatam umāpateḥ ca tat karma jñātvā trāsam upāgamat

16. tasya ātmānam tathā gatam dṛṣṭvā mahat duḥkham ca
āsīt umāpateḥ tat karma ca jñātvā trāsam upāgamat

16. Great sorrow (duḥkham) came upon him when he saw his own self (ātman) in such a state; and knowing that action (karma) to be of Umāpati (Śiva), he became overcome with fear.

Words meanings summery:

• तस्य (tasya) - to him, his

• दुःखम् (duḥkham) - sorrow, suffering, misery

• महत् (mahat) - great, large, important

• च (ca) - and, also

• आसीत् (āsīt) - was, existed

• दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, upon seeing

• आत्मानम् (ātmānam) - his self, himself

• तथा (tathā) - in such a state (thus, so, in such a way, in that condition)

• गतम् (gatam) - having become [feminine] (gone, obtained, having gone, having become)

• उमापतेः (umāpateḥ) - of Umāpati, of Śiva

• च (ca) - and, also

• तत् (tat) - that, it

• कर्म (karma) - action, deed, fate, ritual action

• ज्ञात्वा (jñātvā) - having known, knowing

• त्रासम् (trāsam) - fear, terror

• उपागमत् (upāgamat) - became overcome (approached, came to, obtained, became overcome)

Words meanings and morphology

तस्य (tasya) - to him, his

(pronoun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Possessive pronoun, referring to King Ila

दुःखम् (duḥkham) - sorrow, suffering, misery

(noun)

Nominative, neuter, singular of duḥkha

duḥkha - sorrow, suffering, pain, misery

Note: Subject of 'āsīt'

महत् (mahat) - great, large, important

(adjective)

Nominative, neuter, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, vast, eminent

Note: Agrees with 'duḥkham'

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction

आसीत् (āsīt) - was, existed

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of as

Imperfect Active

Imperfect, 3rd person singular

Root: as (class 2)

दृष्ट्वा (dṛṣṭvā) - having seen, upon seeing

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root 'dṛś' (to see) + suffix 'tvā'

Root: dṛś (class 1)

Note: Indicates an action completed before the main verb 'upāgamat'.

आत्मानम् (ātmānam) - his self, himself

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of ātman

ātman - self, soul, essence, individual soul

Note: Object of 'dṛṣṭvā'

तथा (tathā) - in such a state (thus, so, in such a way, in that condition)

(indeclinable)

गतम् (gatam) - having become [feminine] (gone, obtained, having gone, having become)

(adjective)

Accusative, masculine, singular of gata

gata - gone, arrived, moved, become, obtained

Past Passive Participle

From root 'gam' (to go)

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: Agrees with 'ātmānam', describes its state.

उमापतेः (umāpateḥ) - of Umāpati, of Śiva

(proper noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of umāpati

umāpati - husband of Umā (Pārvatī), an epithet of Śiva

Tatpuruṣa compound: 'Umā' (proper noun, name of Parvati) + 'pati' (lord, husband)

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (umā+pati)

• umā – Umā (name of Pārvatī, consort of Śiva)
  proper noun (feminine)
• pati – lord, master, husband
  noun (masculine)

Note: Indicates possession or origin of the 'karma'.

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Note: Conjunction

तत् (tat) - that, it

(pronoun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Demonstrative pronoun, referring to 'karma'

कर्म (karma) - action, deed, fate, ritual action

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of karman

karman - action, deed, work, ritual action, effect of actions

From root 'kṛ' (to do/make) + suffix 'man'

Root: kṛ (class 8)

Note: Object of 'jñātvā'

ज्ञात्वा (jñātvā) - having known, knowing

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (Gerund)

From root 'jñā' (to know) + suffix 'tvā'

Root: jñā (class 9)

Note: Indicates an action completed before the main verb 'upāgamat'.

त्रासम् (trāsam) - fear, terror

(noun)

Accusative, masculine, singular of trāsa

trāsa - fear, terror, alarm

From root 'tras' (to tremble, to fear)

Root: tras (class 4)

Note: Object of 'upāgamat', meaning 'approached fear' or 'became overcome by fear'.

उपागमत् (upāgamat) - became overcome (approached, came to, obtained, became overcome)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of gam

Imperfect Active

Imperfect, 3rd person singular, with prefix 'upā' (upa + ā)

Prefixes: upa+ā

Root: gam (class 1)

Note: With 'trāsam', implies being overcome by fear.