वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-7, chapter-19, verse-5

दुष्यन्तः सुरथो गाधिर्गयो राजा पुरूरवाः ।
एते सर्वे ऽब्रुवंस्तात निर्जिताः स्मेति पार्थिवाः ॥५॥

5. duṣyantaḥ suratho gādhirgayo rājā purūravāḥ ,
ete sarve'bruvaṃstāta nirjitāḥ smeti pārthivāḥ.

5. duṣyantaḥ surathaḥ gādhiḥ gayaḥ rājā purūravāḥ
ete sarve abruvan tāta nirjitāḥ sma iti pārthivāḥ

5. Dushyanta, Suratha, Gadhi, Gaya, King Pururavas – these kings, all of them, O dear one, declared, "We are conquered."

Words meanings summery:

• दुष्यन्तः (duṣyantaḥ) - Dushyanta (proper noun)

• सुरथः (surathaḥ) - Suratha (proper noun)

• गाधिः (gādhiḥ) - Gadhi (proper noun)

• गयः (gayaḥ) - Gaya (proper noun)

• राजा (rājā) - king

• पुरूरवाः (purūravāḥ) - Pururavas (proper noun)

• एते (ete) - these (masculine plural)

• सर्वे (sarve) - all, everyone

• अब्रुवन् (abruvan) - they said, they declared

• तात (tāta) - O dear one (vocative address) (O dear one, my child, my friend)

• निर्जिताः (nirjitāḥ) - conquered, defeated

• स्म (sma) - we are, we have been

• इति (iti) - thus, so, saying, that

• पार्थिवाः (pārthivāḥ) - kings, earthly rulers

Words meanings and morphology

दुष्यन्तः (duṣyantaḥ) - Dushyanta (proper noun)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of duṣyanta

duṣyanta - Dushyanta (name of a famous king, father of Bharata)

Note: One of the kings mentioned.

सुरथः (surathaḥ) - Suratha (proper noun)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of suratha

suratha - Suratha (name of a king)

Lit. 'having a good chariot'.

Note: One of the kings mentioned.

गाधिः (gādhiḥ) - Gadhi (proper noun)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gādhi

gādhi - Gadhi (name of an ancient king, father of Viśvāmitra)

Note: One of the kings mentioned.

गयः (gayaḥ) - Gaya (proper noun)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of gaya

gaya - Gaya (name of an ancient king or a famous holy city)

Note: One of the kings mentioned.

राजा (rājā) - king

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler, sovereign

पुरूरवाः (purūravāḥ) - Pururavas (proper noun)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of purūravas

purūravas - Pururavas (name of a mythical king, son of Budha and Ilā, husband of Urvaśī)

Note: One of the kings mentioned.

एते (ete) - these (masculine plural)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of etad

etad - this, these

Note: Refers to the list of kings.

सर्वे (sarve) - all, everyone

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of sarva

sarva - all, every, whole, complete

Note: Indefinite pronoun/adjective.

अब्रुवन् (abruvan) - they said, they declared

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, imperfect past (laṅ) of brū

imperfect past tense, 3rd person plural, active voice

Derived from root √brū (class 2)

Root: √brū (class 2)

तात (tāta) - O dear one (vocative address) (O dear one, my child, my friend)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of tāta

tāta - father, dear one, son (used as a term of endearment or respect)

Note: Used to address the listener.

निर्जिताः (nirjitāḥ) - conquered, defeated

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, plural of nirjita

nirjita - conquered, defeated, overcome

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root √ji with prefix nir-.

Prefix: nir

Root: √ji (class 1)

स्म (sma) - we are, we have been

(verb)

1st person , plural, active, present (laṭ) of as

present tense, 1st person plural

Enclitic particle used with 'nirjitāḥ' to mean 'we are conquered'.

Root: √as (class 2)

Note: Part of the direct speech.

इति (iti) - thus, so, saying, that

(indeclinable)

पार्थिवाः (pārthivāḥ) - kings, earthly rulers

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of pārthiva

pārthiva - earthly, royal, king, ruler

From pṛthivī (earth) + -a suffix

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