वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-90, verse-8

उदङ्मुखः प्रेक्षमाणो ददर्श महतीं चमूम् ।
रथाश्वगजसंबाधां यत्तैर्युक्तां पदातिभिः ॥८॥

8. udaṅmukhaḥ prekṣamāṇo dadarśa mahatīṃ camūm ,
rathāśvagajasaṃbādhāṃ yattairyuktāṃ padātibhiḥ.

8. udaṅmukhaḥ prekṣamāṇaḥ dadarśa mahatīm camūm
rathāśvagajasaṃbādhām yattaiḥ yuktām padātibhiḥ

8. udaṅmukhaḥ prekṣamāṇaḥ (saḥ) rathāśvagajasaṃbādhām
yattaiḥ padātibhiḥ yuktām mahatīm camūm dadarśa

8. Looking towards the north, he saw a vast army, dense with chariots, horses, and elephants, and accompanied by well-prepared infantry.

Words meanings summery:

• उदङ्मुखः (udaṅmukhaḥ) - facing north

• प्रेक्षमाणः (prekṣamāṇaḥ) - looking, observing

• ददर्श (dadarśa) - he saw

• महतीम् (mahatīm) - great, vast, large

• चमूम् (camūm) - army, host

• रथाश्वगजसंबाधाम् (rathāśvagajasaṁbādhām) - crowded with chariots, horses, and elephants

• यत्तैः (yattaiḥ) - by the diligent, by the prepared

• युक्ताम् (yuktām) - joined, equipped, accompanied

• पदातिभिः (padātibhiḥ) - by the infantry, by the foot-soldiers

Words meanings and morphology

उदङ्मुखः (udaṅmukhaḥ) - facing north

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of udaṅmukha

udaṅmukha - facing north

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (udañc+mukha)

• udañc – north, northern
  adjective (masculine)
• mukha – face, mouth, entrance
  noun (neuter)

Note: Qualifies Lakṣmaṇa (implied subject)

प्रेक्षमाणः (prekṣamāṇaḥ) - looking, observing

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of prekṣamāṇa

prekṣamāṇa - looking, observing, seeing

Present Middle Participle

Derived from root īkṣ (to see) with prefix pra-. Middle voice.

Prefix: pra

Root: īkṣ (class 1)

Note: Qualifies Lakṣmaṇa (implied subject)

ददर्श (dadarśa) - he saw

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, past perfect (liṭ) of dṛś

Perfect tense, Parasmaipada

Perfect 3rd person singular active voice of root dṛś

Root: dṛś (class 1)

महतीम् (mahatīm) - great, vast, large

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of mahat

mahat - great, large, important

Note: Qualifies 'camūm'

चमूम् (camūm) - army, host

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of camū

camū - army, host, forces

Note: Object of 'dadarśa'

रथाश्वगजसंबाधाम् (rathāśvagajasaṁbādhām) - crowded with chariots, horses, and elephants

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of rathāśvagajasaṃbādha

rathāśvagajasaṁbādha - crowded with chariots, horses, and elephants

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (ratha+aśva+gaja+saṃbādha)

• ratha – chariot
  noun (masculine)
• aśva – horse
  noun (masculine)
• gaja – elephant
  noun (masculine)
• saṃbādha – crowded, dense, obstructed
  adjective (masculine)
  Prefix: sam

Note: Compound of ratha, aśva, gaja, and saṃbādha (crowded with)

यत्तैः (yattaiḥ) - by the diligent, by the prepared

(adjective)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of yatta

yatta - diligent, prepared, controlled, ready

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root yam (to control, restrain)

Root: yam (class 1)

Note: Qualifies 'padātibhiḥ'

युक्ताम् (yuktām) - joined, equipped, accompanied

(adjective)

Accusative, feminine, singular of yukta

yukta - joined, connected, equipped, accompanied, engaged in (yoga)

Past Passive Participle

Derived from root yuj (to join)

Root: yuj (class 7)

Note: Qualifies 'camūm'. Takes instrumental for the agent/instrument.

पदातिभिः (padātibhiḥ) - by the infantry, by the foot-soldiers

(noun)

Instrumental, masculine, plural of padāti

padāti - foot-soldier, infantry

Note: Instrumental agent with 'yuktām'