वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् vālmīki-rāmāyaṇam - book-2, chapter-7, verse-19

नराधिपकुले जाता महिषी त्वं महीपतेः ।
उग्रत्वं राजधर्माणां कथं देवि न बुध्यसे ॥१९॥

19. narādhipakule jātā mahiṣī tvaṃ mahīpateḥ ,
ugratvaṃ rājadharmāṇāṃ kathaṃ devi na budhyase.

19. nara-adhipa-kule jātā mahiṣī tvam mahīpateḥ
ugratvam rāja-dharmāṇām katham devi na budhyase

19. devi tvam narādhipakule jātā mahīpateḥ mahiṣī
(asi) rājadarmāṇām ugratvam katham na budhyase

19. Born in a royal lineage, you are the queen of a great monarch. O goddess, how is it that you do not comprehend the stern nature of the principles of kingship (dharma)?

Words meanings summery:

• नराधिपकुले (narādhipakule) - in the family/lineage of kings, in a royal family

• जाता (jātā) - born, originated

• महिषी (mahiṣī) - queen

• त्वम् (tvam) - you

• महीपतेः (mahīpateḥ) - of the king, of the great lord

• उग्रत्वम् (ugratvam) - sternness, fierceness, formidable nature

• राज-धर्माणाम् (rāja-dharmāṇām) - of the royal principles (dharma) (of the duties of kings, of the royal principles)

• कथम् (katham) - how, why

• देवि (devi) - O goddess, O lady

• न (na) - not, no

• बुध्यसे (budhyase) - you understand, you comprehend

Words meanings and morphology

नराधिपकुले (narādhipakule) - in the family/lineage of kings, in a royal family

(noun)

Locative, neuter, singular of nara-adhipa-kula

nara-adhipa-kula - royal family, king's lineage

'nara' (man) + 'adhipa' (lord) = 'narādhipa' (king) + 'kula' (family)

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (nara+adhipa+kula)

• nara – man, human
  noun (masculine)
• adhipa – ruler, lord, king
  noun (masculine)
  Prefix: adhi
  Root: pā (class 2)
• kula – family, lineage, race, clan
  noun (neuter)

Note: Describes where Kaikeyī was born.

जाता (jātā) - born, originated

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of jāta

jāta - born, produced, generated, happened

Past Passive Participle

From root 'jan' (to be born).

Root: jan (class 4)

Note: Predicate adjective for 'tvam'.

महिषी (mahiṣī) - queen

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of mahiṣī

mahiṣī - queen (especially the principal queen), empress, a buffalo cow

Feminine of 'mahiṣa' (buffalo, or great one)

Root: mah (class 1)

Note: Predicate noun for 'tvam'.

त्वम् (tvam) - you

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

Nominative singular of 'yuṣmad'.

Note: Subject of the sentence.

महीपतेः (mahīpateḥ) - of the king, of the great lord

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, singular of mahīpati

mahīpati - lord of the earth, king, sovereign

'mahī' (earth) + 'pati' (lord)

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (mahī+pati)

• mahī – earth, land
  noun (feminine)
• pati – lord, master, husband
  noun (masculine)

Note: Refers to King Daśaratha.

उग्रत्वम् (ugratvam) - sternness, fierceness, formidable nature

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of ugratva

ugratva - sternness, fierceness, harshness, formidable nature, severity

From 'ugra' (fierce, stern) + suffix 'tva' (abstract noun).

Note: Abstract quality of royal duties.

राज-धर्माणाम् (rāja-dharmāṇām) - of the royal principles (dharma) (of the duties of kings, of the royal principles)

(noun)

Genitive, masculine, plural of rāja-dharma

rāja-dharma - duties of a king, royal code of conduct, principles of kingship (dharma)

'rāja' (king) + 'dharma' (duty, law)

Compound type : ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa (rājan+dharma)

• rājan – king, ruler
  noun (masculine)
  Root: rāj (class 1)
• dharma – natural law, intrinsic nature, duty, righteousness, constitution
  noun (masculine)
  From root 'dhṛ' (to uphold)
  Root: dhṛ (class 1)

Note: Refers to the principles or duties of kingship.

कथम् (katham) - how, why

(indeclinable)

Interrogative adverb.

Note: Indicates a rhetorical question.

देवि (devi) - O goddess, O lady

(noun)

Vocative, feminine, singular of devī

devī - goddess, queen, lady, divine woman

Feminine form of deva (god)

Root: div (class 4)

Note: Addressed to Kaikeyī.

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Negation particle.

Note: Negates the verb 'budhyase'.

बुध्यसे (budhyase) - you understand, you comprehend

(verb)

2nd person , singular, middle, present (laṭ) of budh

Present Tense

From root 'budh' (class 4), middle voice.

Root: budh (class 4)

Note: The main verb of the question.