महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-9, chapter-51, verse-1

जनमेजय उवाच ।
कथं कुमारी भगवंस्तपोयुक्ता ह्यभूत्पुरा ।
किमर्थं च तपस्तेपे को वास्या नियमोऽभवत् ॥१॥

1. janamejaya uvāca ,
kathaṁ kumārī bhagavaṁstapoyuktā hyabhūtpurā ,
kimarthaṁ ca tapastepe ko vāsyā niyamo'bhavat.

1. janamejaya uvāca katham kumārī bhagavan tapas-yuktā hi abhūt
purā kimartham ca tapas tepe kaḥ vā asyāḥ niyamaḥ abhavat

1. janamejaya uvāca bhagavan purā kumārī katham hi tapas-yuktā
abhūt ca kimartham tapas tepe vā asyāḥ kaḥ niyamaḥ abhavat

1. Janamejaya said: 'O revered one, how did that maiden become devoted to severe penance (tapas) in ancient times? For what reason did she perform penance (tapas)? And what was her specific vow (niyama)?'

Words meanings summery:

• जनमेजय (janamejaya) - Janamejaya, the king (Janamejaya (proper name))

• उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

• कथम् (katham) - how (how, in what manner)

• कुमारी (kumārī) - maiden (referring to Vṛddhakanyā from previous verse) (maiden, girl, princess)

• भगवन् (bhagavan) - O revered one (addressing Vaiśampāyana) (O revered one, O divine one)

• तपस्-युक्ता (tapas-yuktā) - devoted to severe penance (engaged in austerity, devoted to penance)

• हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, for, because)

• अभूत् (abhūt) - became (became, was)

• पुरा (purā) - in ancient times (formerly, anciently, in the past)

• किमर्थम् (kimartham) - for what reason (why, for what purpose)

• च (ca) - and (and, also)

• तपस् (tapas) - penance (tapas) (religious austerity, penance, spiritual effort (tapas))

• तेपे (tepe) - performed (austerity) (performed austerity, heated oneself)

• कः (kaḥ) - what (who, what)

• वा (vā) - and (functioning similarly to `ca` in this context of questions) (or, either...or)

• अस्याः (asyāḥ) - her (of her, by her (feminine))

• नियमः (niyamaḥ) - specific vow (niyama) (rule, observance, restraint, vow (niyama))

• अभवत् (abhavat) - was (was, became)

Words meanings and morphology

जनमेजय (janamejaya) - Janamejaya, the king (Janamejaya (proper name))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of janamejaya

janamejaya - Janamejaya (name of a king, son of Parīkṣit)

Note: Subject of `uvāca`.

उवाच (uvāca) - said (said, spoke)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of vac

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice

Reduplicated past tense.

Root: vac (class 2)

कथम् (katham) - how (how, in what manner)

(indeclinable)

कुमारी (kumārī) - maiden (referring to Vṛddhakanyā from previous verse) (maiden, girl, princess)

(noun)

Nominative, feminine, singular of kumārī

kumārī - girl, maiden, daughter, princess

Feminine form of `kumāra`.

Note: Subject of `abhūt`.

भगवन् (bhagavan) - O revered one (addressing Vaiśampāyana) (O revered one, O divine one)

(adjective)

Vocative, masculine, singular of bhagavat

bhagavat - blessed, fortunate, divine, revered (often used as an epithet for deities or venerable persons)

Vocative singular form. Possessive adjective from `bhaga` (fortune, excellence).

तपस्-युक्ता (tapas-yuktā) - devoted to severe penance (engaged in austerity, devoted to penance)

(adjective)

Nominative, feminine, singular of tapas-yukta

tapas-yukta - engaged in austerity, joined with penance

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (tapas+yukta)

• tapas – heat, religious austerity, penance, spiritual effort (tapas)
  noun (neuter)
  From root `tap` (to heat, to perform austerity).
  Root: tap (class 1)
• yukta – joined, connected, endowed with, engaged in
  adjective (masculine/feminine/neuter)
  Past Passive Participle
  From root `yuj` (to join, to yoke) with `kta` suffix.
  Root: yuj (class 7)

Note: Agrees with `kumārī`.

हि (hi) - indeed (indeed, surely, for, because)

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle.

अभूत् (abhūt) - became (became, was)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (luṅ) of bhū

Imperfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice

Aorist form.

Root: bhū (class 1)

पुरा (purā) - in ancient times (formerly, anciently, in the past)

(indeclinable)

Adverb of time.

किमर्थम् (kimartham) - for what reason (why, for what purpose)

(indeclinable)

Compound of `kim` (what) and `artham` (purpose).

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (kim+artha)

• kim – what, which, who
  pronoun
• artha – purpose, meaning, wealth, object
  noun (masculine)

Note: Adverbial use.

च (ca) - and (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

Note: Connects clauses.

तपस् (tapas) - penance (tapas) (religious austerity, penance, spiritual effort (tapas))

(noun)

Accusative, neuter, singular of tapas

tapas - heat, religious austerity, penance, spiritual effort (tapas)

From root `tap` (to heat, to perform austerity).

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Object of `tepe`.

तेपे (tepe) - performed (austerity) (performed austerity, heated oneself)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, middle, perfect (lit) of tap

Perfect tense, 3rd person singular, middle voice

Reduplicated past tense with middle endings.

Root: tap (class 1)

Note: Verb for `kumārī`.

कः (kaḥ) - what (who, what)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of kim

kim - who, what, which

Nominative masculine singular form.

Note: Subject of `abhavat` regarding `niyamaḥ`.

वा (vā) - and (functioning similarly to `ca` in this context of questions) (or, either...or)

(indeclinable)

Conjunction.

अस्याः (asyāḥ) - her (of her, by her (feminine))

(pronoun)

Genitive, feminine, singular of idam

idam - this, this one

Genitive singular feminine form of `idam`.

Note: Possessive, "her vow".

नियमः (niyamaḥ) - specific vow (niyama) (rule, observance, restraint, vow (niyama))

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of niyama

niyama - rule, precept, discipline, restraint, observance (niyama)

From `ni` (down, in) + `yam` (to restrain, control).

Prefix: ni

Root: yam (class 1)

Note: Subject of `abhavat`.

अभवत् (abhavat) - was (was, became)

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, imperfect (laṅ) of bhū

Imperfect tense, 3rd person singular, active voice

Augment 'a' + root `bhū` + `at` suffix.

Root: bhū (class 1)