महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-7, chapter-54, verse-1

संजय उवाच ।
तां निशां दुःखशोकार्तौ श्वसन्ताविव चोरगौ ।
निद्रां नैवोपलेभाते वासुदेवधनंजयौ ॥१॥

1. saṁjaya uvāca ,
tāṁ niśāṁ duḥkhaśokārtau śvasantāviva coragau ,
nidrāṁ naivopalebhāte vāsudevadhanaṁjayau.

1. saṃjayaḥ uvāca | tām niśām duḥkha-śoka-ārtau śvasantau iva
ca uragau | nidrām na eva upalebhethām vāsudeva-dhanaṃjayau

1. saṃjayaḥ uvāca duḥkha-śoka-ārtau ca uragau iva śvasantau
vāsudeva-dhanaṃjayau tām niśām nidrām na eva upalebhethām

1. Sanjaya said: That night, Vāsudeva (Kṛṣṇa) and Dhanañjaya (Arjuna), afflicted by sorrow and grief, did not obtain any sleep, like two hissing snakes.

Words meanings summery:

• संजयः (saṁjayaḥ) - Sanjaya, the charioteer and narrator to Dhṛtarāṣṭra (Sanjaya)

• उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

• ताम् (tām) - that

• निशाम् (niśām) - night

• दुःख-शोक-आर्तौ (duḥkha-śoka-ārtau) - Refers to Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna. (afflicted by sorrow and grief, suffering from pain and lamentation)

• श्वसन्तौ (śvasantau) - Hissing like snakes. (hissing, breathing, panting)

• इव (iva) - like, as, as if

• च (ca) - and, also

• उरगौ (uragau) - Refers to two snakes. (snakes)

• निद्राम् (nidrām) - sleep

• न (na) - not, no

• एव (eva) - Emphasizes the preceding negative, 'not at all'. (indeed, only, very, quite)

• उपलेभेथाम् (upalebhethām) - They did not obtain sleep. (they obtained, they gained)

• वासुदेव-धनंजयौ (vāsudeva-dhanaṁjayau) - The two heroes, Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna. (Vāsudeva (Kṛṣṇa) and Dhanañjaya (Arjuna))

Words meanings and morphology

संजयः (saṁjayaḥ) - Sanjaya, the charioteer and narrator to Dhṛtarāṣṭra (Sanjaya)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of saṃjaya

saṁjaya - Sanjaya (proper name), victory, complete victory, conqueror

From sam-√ji

Prefix: sam

Root: ji (class 1)

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (lit) of √vac

Perfect Active

3rd person singular Perfect Active of √vac

Root: vac (class 2)

ताम् (tām) - that

(pronoun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of tad

tad - that, this, he, she, it

निशाम् (niśām) - night

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of niśā

niśā - night, period of darkness

दुःख-शोक-आर्तौ (duḥkha-śoka-ārtau) - Refers to Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna. (afflicted by sorrow and grief, suffering from pain and lamentation)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, dual of duḥkha-śoka-ārta

duḥkha-śoka-ārta - distressed by pain and sorrow, afflicted by misery and grief

Compound

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (duḥkha+śoka+ārta)

• duḥkha – pain, suffering, misery, distress
  noun (neuter)
• śoka – grief, sorrow, lamentation, anguish
  noun (masculine)
  Root: śuc (class 1)
• ārta – afflicted, distressed, pained, suffering
  adjective (masculine)
  Past Passive Participle
  From √ṛ (to go, to move) + ta, often derived from √ṛt (to pain, distress)
  Root: ṛ (class 3)

श्वसन्तौ (śvasantau) - Hissing like snakes. (hissing, breathing, panting)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, dual of śvasant

śvasant - hissing, breathing, panting, sighing

Present Active Participle

From √śvas (to breathe, to hiss)

Root: śvas (class 2)

इव (iva) - like, as, as if

(indeclinable)

Particle of comparison

च (ca) - and, also

(indeclinable)

Conjunction

उरगौ (uragau) - Refers to two snakes. (snakes)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of uraga

uraga - snake, serpent (one that moves on its breast/chest)

From uras (breast) + √gam (to go) + a (suffix)

Compound type : upapada tatpuruṣa (uras+ga)

• uras – breast, chest, front
  noun (neuter)
• ga – going, moving, one who goes
  adjective (masculine)
  Agent noun/suffix
  Derived from √gam (to go)
  Root: gam (class 1)

निद्राम् (nidrām) - sleep

(noun)

Accusative, feminine, singular of nidrā

nidrā - sleep, slumber, drowsiness

From ni-√drā (to sleep)

Prefix: ni

Root: drā (class 2)

न (na) - not, no

(indeclinable)

Negative particle

एव (eva) - Emphasizes the preceding negative, 'not at all'. (indeed, only, very, quite)

(indeclinable)

Emphatic particle

उपलेभेथाम् (upalebhethām) - They did not obtain sleep. (they obtained, they gained)

(verb)

3rd person , dual, middle, perfect (lit) of √labh

Perfect Middle

3rd person dual Perfect Middle (ātmanepada) of upa-√labh

Prefix: upa

Root: labh (class 1)

वासुदेव-धनंजयौ (vāsudeva-dhanaṁjayau) - The two heroes, Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna. (Vāsudeva (Kṛṣṇa) and Dhanañjaya (Arjuna))

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of vāsudeva-dhanaṃjaya

vāsudeva-dhanaṁjaya - Vāsudeva and Dhanañjaya

Dvandva compound

Compound type : dvandva (vāsudeva+dhanaṃjaya)

• vāsudeva – son of Vasudeva, Kṛṣṇa
  proper noun (masculine)
  Derived from Vasudeva + aṇ (patronymic suffix)
• dhanaṃjaya – conqueror of wealth, Arjuna (a name for Arjuna)
  proper noun (masculine)
  Compound: dhana (wealth) + √ji (to conquer)
  Root: ji (class 1)