महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-4, chapter-55, verse-13

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अर्जुन उवाच ।
इदानीमेव तावत्त्वमपयातो रणान्मम ।
तेन जीवसि राधेय निहतस्त्वनुजस्तव ॥१३॥

13. arjuna uvāca ,
idānīmeva tāvattvamapayāto raṇānmama ,
tena jīvasi rādheya nihatastvanujastava.

13. arjuna uvāca idānīm eva tāvat tvam apayātaḥ raṇāt
mama tena jīvasi rādheya nihataḥ tu anujaḥ tava

13. Arjuna said: 'Indeed, just now you retreated from my battle. That is why you are alive, O son of Rādhā, while your younger brother has been killed.'

Words meanings summery:

(Scroll down for elaborated words morphology)

अर्जुन (arjuna) - Arjuna

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

इदानीम् (idānīm) - now, at this time, just now

एव (eva) - emphasizing the immediacy, 'just now' (indeed, just, only, exactly)

तावत् (tāvat) - Emphasizing the extent, 'just then' or 'for that matter' (so much, so far, just, only (particle))

त्वम् (tvam) - Referring to Karna (you)

अपयातः (apayātaḥ) - fled from battle (retreated, gone away, fled)

रणात् (raṇāt) - from battle, from the fight

मम (mama) - from my battle (i.e., when I was fighting) (my, of me)

तेन (tena) - therefore, on account of that (retreat) (by him, by that, therefore)

जीवसि (jīvasi) - you live

राधेय (rādheya) - Addressing Karna, implying his low birth (Rādhā was his foster mother, but Karna was the son of Kunti and Surya) (O son of Rādhā, O Karna)

निहतः (nihataḥ) - slain in battle (killed, struck down, slain)

तु (tu) - contrasts Karna's survival with his brother's death (but, indeed, yet, however)

अनुजः (anujaḥ) - Karna's younger brother (Duḥśāsana, or other Kauravas) (younger brother)

तव (tava) - your (younger brother) (your, of you)

Words meanings and morphology

अर्जुन (arjuna) - Arjuna

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of arjuna

arjuna - Arjuna (a proper name, the third Pāṇḍava prince)

Note: Speaker of the verse

उवाच (uvāca) - said, spoke

(verb)

3rd person , singular, active, perfect (liṭ) of vac

Perfect Tense

Root vac, perfect third person singular active

Root: vac (class 2)

इदानीम् (idānīm) - now, at this time, just now

(indeclinable)

एव (eva) - emphasizing the immediacy, 'just now' (indeed, just, only, exactly)

(indeclinable)

तावत् (tāvat) - Emphasizing the extent, 'just then' or 'for that matter' (so much, so far, just, only (particle))

(indeclinable)

Note: Often used with eva for emphasis.

त्वम् (tvam) - Referring to Karna (you)

(pronoun)

Nominative, singular of yuṣmad

yuṣmad - you

अपयातः (apayātaḥ) - fled from battle (retreated, gone away, fled)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of apayāta

apayāta - gone away, fled, retreated

Past Passive Participle

from root yā with upasarga apa-

Prefix: apa

Root: yā (class 2)

Note: masculine nominative singular, refers to tvam

रणात् (raṇāt) - from battle, from the fight

(noun)

Ablative, masculine, singular of raṇa

raṇa - battle, fight, war

Root: raṇ (class 1)

मम (mama) - from my battle (i.e., when I was fighting) (my, of me)

(pronoun)

Genitive, singular of aham

aham - I

तेन (tena) - therefore, on account of that (retreat) (by him, by that, therefore)

(pronoun)

Instrumental, masculine, singular of tad

tad - that, he, she, it

Note: Instrumental singular masculine of 'tad', often used adverbially for 'therefore'.

जीवसि (jīvasi) - you live

(verb)

2nd person , singular, active, present (laṭ) of jīv

Present Tense

Root jīv (class 1), present second person singular active

Root: jīv (class 1)

राधेय (rādheya) - Addressing Karna, implying his low birth (Rādhā was his foster mother, but Karna was the son of Kunti and Surya) (O son of Rādhā, O Karna)

(proper noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rādheya

rādheya - son of Rādhā

derived from Rādhā

Note: Referring to Karna

निहतः (nihataḥ) - slain in battle (killed, struck down, slain)

(adjective)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nihata

nihata - killed, struck down, slain

Past Passive Participle

from root han with upasarga ni-

Prefix: ni