महाभारतः mahābhārataḥ - book-16, chapter-5, verse-15

ह्रादः क्राथः शितिकण्ठोऽग्रतेजास्तथा नागौ चक्रमन्दातिषण्डौ ।
नागश्रेष्ठो दुर्मुखश्चाम्बरीषः स्वयं राजा वरुणश्चापि राजन् ।
प्रत्युद्गम्य स्वागतेनाभ्यनन्दंस्तेऽपूजयंश्चार्घ्यपाद्यक्रियाभिः ॥१५॥

15. hrādaḥ krāthaḥ śitikaṇṭho'gratejā;stathā nāgau cakramandātiṣaṇḍau ,
nāgaśreṣṭho durmukhaścāmbarīṣaḥ; svayaṁ rājā varuṇaścāpi rājan ,
pratyudgamya svāgatenābhyanandaṁ;ste'pūjayaṁścārghyapādyakriyābhiḥ.

15. hrādaḥ krāthaḥ śitikaṇṭhaḥ agratejāḥ tathā nāgau
cakramanda atiṣaṇḍau nāgaśreṣṭhaḥ durmukhaḥ ca ambarīṣaḥ
svayam rājā varuṇaḥ ca api rājan pratyudgamya
svāgatena abhyanandan te apūjayan ca arghyapādyakriyābhiḥ

15. rājan hrādaḥ krāthaḥ śitikaṇṭhaḥ agratejāḥ tathā nāgau
cakramanda atiṣaṇḍau nāgaśreṣṭhaḥ durmukhaḥ ca
ambarīṣaḥ ca api svayam rājā varuṇaḥ te pratyudgamya
svāgatena abhyanandan ca arghyapādyakriyābhiḥ apūjayan

15. Hrada, Krātha, Śitikaṇṭha, and Agratejas; likewise the two nāgas Cakramaṇḍa and Atiṣaṇḍa; the foremost nāga Durmukha, and Ambarīṣa; and King Varuṇa himself, O king! Having gone forth to meet him, they welcomed him with a greeting and worshipped him with offerings of water (arghya) and foot-washings (pādya).

Words meanings summery:

• ह्रादः (hrādaḥ) - A specific prominent nāga (serpent deity). (Hrada)

• क्राथः (krāthaḥ) - A specific prominent nāga (serpent deity). (Krātha)

• शितिकण्ठः (śitikaṇṭhaḥ) - A specific prominent nāga (serpent deity). (Śitikaṇṭha)

• अग्रतेजाः (agratejāḥ) - A specific prominent nāga (serpent deity). (Agratejas)

• तथा (tathā) - Connects the previous names with the following two nāgas, indicating continuation of the list. (thus, so, in that manner, and also)

• नागौ (nāgau) - Referring to the two specific nāgas, Cakramaṇḍa and Atiṣaṇḍa. (two nāgas)

• चक्रमन्द (cakramanda) - One of the two nāgas mentioned; part of a dual Dvandva compound. (Cakramaṇḍa)

• अतिषण्डौ (atiṣaṇḍau) - The second of the two nāgas mentioned, forming a Dvandva compound with Cakramaṇḍa. (Atiṣaṇḍa)

• नागश्रेष्ठः (nāgaśreṣṭhaḥ) - An epithet for Durmukha, indicating his high status among the nāgas. (foremost nāga, best of nāgas)

• दुर्मुखः (durmukhaḥ) - A specific prominent nāga (serpent deity). (Durmukha)

• च (ca) - Connects Durmukha and Ambarīṣa. (and, also)

• अम्बरीषः (ambarīṣaḥ) - A specific prominent nāga (serpent deity). (Ambarīṣa)

• स्वयम् (svayam) - Emphasizing that King Varuṇa was personally present. (oneself, personally, himself)

• राजा (rājā) - Referring to Varuṇa as a king. (king)

• वरुणः (varuṇaḥ) - Here, likely the Vedic deity and king of waters, distinct from the nāga of the same name mentioned in the previous verse. (Varuṇa)

• च (ca) - Connects Varuṇa to the list of those present. (and, also)

• अपि (api) - Emphasizes that Varuṇa was also there. (also, even, too)

• राजन् (rājan) - An address to the listener or narrator, commonly found in epic poetry. (O king!)

• प्रत्युद्गम्य (pratyudgamya) - Describing the action of the named individuals who went to meet the thousand-headed being. (having gone forth to meet)

• स्वागतेन (svāgatena) - The manner in which the named individuals welcomed the being. (with a welcome/greeting)

• अभ्यनन्दन् (abhyanandan) - The named individuals welcomed the thousand-headed being. (they welcomed, they greeted)

• ते (te) - Referring to all the named nāgas and King Varuṇa. (they)

• अपूजयन् (apūjayan) - The named individuals worshipped the thousand-headed being. (they worshipped)

• च (ca) - Connects the act of welcoming with the act of worshipping. (and, also)

• अर्घ्यपाद्यक्रियाभिः (arghyapādyakriyābhiḥ) - The specific ritual actions used for worshipping, showing hospitality. (with offerings of water and foot-washings)

Words meanings and morphology

ह्रादः (hrādaḥ) - A specific prominent nāga (serpent deity). (Hrada)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of hrāda

hrāda - noise, sound, name of a nāga

क्राथः (krāthaḥ) - A specific prominent nāga (serpent deity). (Krātha)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of krātha

krātha - name of a nāga

शितिकण्ठः (śitikaṇṭhaḥ) - A specific prominent nāga (serpent deity). (Śitikaṇṭha)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of śitikaṇṭha

śitikaṇṭha - blue-throated (epithet of Shiva), name of a nāga

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (śiti+kaṇṭha)

• śiti – white, blue
  adjective
• kaṇṭha – throat, neck
  noun (masculine)

अग्रतेजाः (agratejāḥ) - A specific prominent nāga (serpent deity). (Agratejas)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of agratejas

agratejas - of great splendor, name of a nāga

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (agra+tejas)

• agra – front, tip, top, excellent, foremost
  noun (neuter)
• tejas – splendor, brilliance, energy
  noun (neuter)

Note: Nominative singular of an -as stem.

तथा (tathā) - Connects the previous names with the following two nāgas, indicating continuation of the list. (thus, so, in that manner, and also)

(indeclinable)

नागौ (nāgau) - Referring to the two specific nāgas, Cakramaṇḍa and Atiṣaṇḍa. (two nāgas)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of nāga

nāga - serpent, cobra, elephant, a mountain

Note: Dual form.

चक्रमन्द (cakramanda) - One of the two nāgas mentioned; part of a dual Dvandva compound. (Cakramaṇḍa)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of cakramanda

cakramanda - Name of a nāga

अतिषण्डौ (atiṣaṇḍau) - The second of the two nāgas mentioned, forming a Dvandva compound with Cakramaṇḍa. (Atiṣaṇḍa)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, dual of atiṣaṇḍa

atiṣaṇḍa - Name of a nāga

Note: Second part of a Dvandva compound `cakramandātiṣaṇḍau`.

नागश्रेष्ठः (nāgaśreṣṭhaḥ) - An epithet for Durmukha, indicating his high status among the nāgas. (foremost nāga, best of nāgas)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of nāgaśreṣṭha

nāgaśreṣṭha - best of nāgas, foremost nāga

Compound type : tatpuruṣa (nāga+śreṣṭha)

• nāga – serpent, nāga
  noun (masculine)
• śreṣṭha – best, excellent, foremost
  adjective
  Superlative form of praśasya (good).

Note: Adjective/epithet for Durmukha.

दुर्मुखः (durmukhaḥ) - A specific prominent nāga (serpent deity). (Durmukha)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of durmukha

durmukha - ill-faced, evil-mouthed, name of a nāga

Compound type : bahuvrīhi (dus+mukha)

• dus – bad, difficult (prefix)
  indeclinable
• mukha – face, mouth
  noun (neuter)

च (ca) - Connects Durmukha and Ambarīṣa. (and, also)

(indeclinable)

अम्बरीषः (ambarīṣaḥ) - A specific prominent nāga (serpent deity). (Ambarīṣa)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of ambarīṣa

ambarīṣa - fire-pan, name of a king, name of a nāga

स्वयम् (svayam) - Emphasizing that King Varuṇa was personally present. (oneself, personally, himself)

(indeclinable)

राजा (rājā) - Referring to Varuṇa as a king. (king)

(noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Root: RĀJ (class 1)

वरुणः (varuṇaḥ) - Here, likely the Vedic deity and king of waters, distinct from the nāga of the same name mentioned in the previous verse. (Varuṇa)

(proper noun)

Nominative, masculine, singular of varuṇa

varuṇa - Name of a Vedic deity (god of oceans, justice), also a nāga name

च (ca) - Connects Varuṇa to the list of those present. (and, also)

(indeclinable)

अपि (api) - Emphasizes that Varuṇa was also there. (also, even, too)

(indeclinable)

राजन् (rājan) - An address to the listener or narrator, commonly found in epic poetry. (O king!)

(noun)

Vocative, masculine, singular of rājan

rājan - king, ruler

Root: RĀJ (class 1)

Note: An address to the listener/narrator.

प्रत्युद्गम्य (pratyudgamya) - Describing the action of the named individuals who went to meet the thousand-headed being. (having gone forth to meet)

(indeclinable)

Absolutive (gerund)

Formed with prefixes 'prati' and 'ud' and root 'gam' with suffix '-ya'.

Prefixes: prati+ud

Root: GAM (class 1)

स्वागतेन (svāgatena) - The manner in which the named individuals welcomed the being. (with a welcome/greeting)

(noun)

Instrumental, neuter, singular of svāgata

svāgata - welcome, greeting, proper arrival

अभ्यनन्दन् (abhyanandan) - The named individuals welcomed the thousand-headed being. (they welcomed, they greeted)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of abhinand

Past Imperfect

Root NAND (class 1) with prefix ABHI; 3rd person plural.

Prefix: abhi

Root: NAND (class 1)

ते (te) - Referring to all the named nāgas and King Varuṇa. (they)

(pronoun)

Nominative, masculine, plural of tad

tad - that, those

Note: Refers to the collective subjects of the welcoming and worshipping actions.

अपूजयन् (apūjayan) - The named individuals worshipped the thousand-headed being. (they worshipped)

(verb)

3rd person , plural, active, past imperfect (laṅ) of pūj

Past Imperfect

Root PŪJ (class 10); 3rd person plural.

Root: PŪJ (class 10)

Note: From √pūj.

च (ca) - Connects the act of welcoming with the act of worshipping. (and, also)

(indeclinable)

Note: Postpositive conjunction.

अर्घ्यपाद्यक्रियाभिः (arghyapādyakriyābhiḥ) - The specific ritual actions used for worshipping, showing hospitality. (with offerings of water and foot-washings)

(noun)

Instrumental, feminine, plural of arghyapādyakriyā

arghyapādyakriyā - rites of offering water (arghya) and washing feet (pādya) (as hospitality)

Compound type : dvandva (arghya+pādya+kriyā)

• arghya – water offering, respectful offering
  noun (neuter)
• pādya – water for washing feet, foot-washing
  noun (neuter)
• kriyā – action, ritual, rite
  noun (feminine)
  Root: KṚ (class 8)

Note: Compound expressing 'actions related to arghya and pādya'.